CONIFEK.fi. (PINE FAMILY.') 425 



1 T. distichum, Richard. (American Bald Ctpiuss.) Leaves 

 linear and spreading ; also awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branehlcts. 

 — Swamps, from S. New Jersey 1 and Delaware, to Virginia, Illinois, and 

 southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April. 



7. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. 



Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. 

 Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile 

 catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy 1-3-ovuled coalescent scales; in fruit forming a 

 sort of berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1-3, bony. Cotyledons 2. — 

 Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves often of two 

 shapes. (The classical name.) 



1. J. communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, linear- 

 awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, spreading, bright green except the glaucous-white 

 upper surface. — LVy sterile hills, New Jersey to Maine eastward, northward, 

 and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub also spreading on the ground, or 

 rarely ascending, rigid. Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. (Eu.) 



2. J. Vil'ginifsna, L. (Red Cedar. Savin.) Leaves 4-ranked, 

 much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-growing shoots awl- 

 shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes ; on older lateral twigs very 

 small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. — A branching shrub 

 or tree, sometimes 60° --'JO high ; or, var. humilis. Hook., a widely spread- 

 ing or almost prostrate shrub. — Dry, rocky or sterile hills ; common, extending 

 both northward and southward : the prostrate variety chiefly high northern. 

 April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very compact and durable. Berries small, 

 purplish with a glaucous bloom. 



Suborder III. TAXIrVE^E. The Yew Family. 



8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 



Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile in small glob- 

 ular catkins formed of naked stamens : anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like 

 somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base, 

 consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule; soon a cup-shaped disk around its 

 base, which becomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and partly 

 encloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, 

 rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from to^ov, a bow; 

 the wood being used for bows.) 



1. T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Ground 

 Hemlock.) Stems diffusely spreading ; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. 

 Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the 

 shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward only along the 

 Allcghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, 

 never forming an ascending trunk. (En.) 



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