105 



4 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 



Scale of Environmental Damage, jo 



Economic Benefits, Environmental Costs, jo 



The Key Role of Environmental R&D, ji 



S&T as Sources of Innovation, )i 



Natural and Social Sciences, ^i 



Global Effort Needed, jj 



Goals and Priorities, 34 



An Effective Federal Environmental R&D Program, 34 



i. The Present R&D System: Why Improvements 35 



Are Necessary 



R&D Missions of the Major Depanmenis and Agencies, 35 

 Improving the Federal R&D Effort, 36 

 Weaknesses of the Present System, 39 

 Technology Development, 41 

 U.S. Technology Policy and the Environment, 45 

 Matching Resources with Problems, 45 

 Organizational Considerations, 46 



PART II. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE 

 FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL R&D SYSTEM 



3. Introduction 55 



4. Leadership and the Research Agenda 57 

 The Office of Environmental Quality, 58 



Institute for Environmental Assessment, 59 

 Environmental Research and Monitoring Initiative, 60 

 Office of Science and Technology Policy, 61 



5 . Strengthening the Federal R&D Infrastructure 6i 

 Environmental Proteaion Agency, 63 



Environmental Monitoring Agency, 71 



National Center for Environmental Information, 76 



Environmental Technologies Program, 78 



National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 79 



National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 81 



Dcpanment of the Interior, 8i 



National Park Service, 81 



Bureau of Land Management, 8 3 



Department of Agriculture, 84 



Department of Energy National Laboratories, 86 



Department of Defense, 89 



Hazardous Waste R&D, 90 



