136 



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ENVIRONMENTAL REStARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 



Table 2. Estimated Federal Funding for Environmental R&D 

 by Agency ($ million, Fiscal Year 1992) 



Environmental Protection Agency 502 



National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 319 



National Science Foundation 541 

 Department ol Health and Human Services 



National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) 303* 



National Instrtute ot Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) 93 



Agency tor Toxic Suljstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 55» 



National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) 3' 

 Department of the Interior 



U.S. Geological Survey 367 



Fish and Wildlife Service 85 



Other 72 

 Department of Agriculture 



Agricultural Research Service 162 



Cooperative State Research Service 119 



Forest Service 115 



Other 7 



Department of Energy 799 



Department ol Defense 577 



Department of Transportation 17 



National Aeronautics and Space Administration 826 



Smithsonian Institution 33 



Agency for International Development 45 



Tennessee Valley Authority 31 



TOTAL 5,071 



* Includes $51 million transferred under Superfund from EPA to NIEHS. 

 " Funds are transferred to ATSDR from EPA through Superlund program. 

 ^The entire NCTR budget is aljout $30 million. An estimated 10 percent of the 

 center's budget is devoted to environment-related R&D. 



Source: Based on an analysis t>y Kathleen Gramp. Albert H. Teich. and Stephen D. 

 Nelson, American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Federal Funding of 

 Environmental R&D.' a report to the National Academy of Sciences and the Carnegie 

 Commission on Science. Technology, and Governmenl. 



Our present environmental R&D system is the produa of its origins 

 and so is organized to deal with the simpler issues of the past. It began 

 as a series of individual research programs that were undenaken in response 

 to specific problems such as urban smog and the pollution of lakes and rivers. 

 The first programs tended, therefore, to be shon-term and crisis-oriented, 

 focusing on mitigating dangers to the public health. In the 1970s and 1980s, 

 for example, much of our attention was devoted to hazard identification: 

 many chemicals had been used in commerce since the 1940s, but we knew 

 little or nothing about their effects on human health or the environment. 



