232 



I )6 ENVIKONM£^aAl. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 



1) Tie Suie ofihe Bmnmmmtnl. C>r|>anizaiion for Economic Cooperation and Drwlopment, 

 Puts. 1^91. pp 2.H)-ili4. 



9. Paul C. Sirrn. Oran R Young, and Daniel Dnickman, editors. Global bivimnment Change: 

 VmdenUndimg ihe Human Dimension. National Academy Press. Washington. DC. 1991.. p 17. 



10 Ibitl 



II. L Arizpc.R. Constanta, and W. Lutz, "Primary Factors Affecting Papulation and Natural 

 Resource Use." Report from the International Conference on an Agenda of Science for Environ- 

 mcni and Drvrlopmcnt. Vienna, Austria. November L4-19. 1991. p. l. 



11 liul 



I J. In Cheryl Simon Silver with Ruth S. DeFries. np. at, note 7 above, 

 14. George Brtxrn. "Global Change and the New Definition of Progress." a speech before 

 the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America. October u. 1991. pp. ^-£. 



If. Michael Kowalok. "The Origin and Progress of Scientific Findings on Critical Environ- 

 mental Issues." background paper prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Science. Technology, 

 and Government. 1991- 



16. Mark Schacfct. "The federal Research Puzzle: Making the Pieces Fit." EnhronmenI 15(9): 

 16-10; >8-4i.. 1991. Steven J. Kaflia. "Federal Environment Research and Development Programs: 

 Organizational Policy Issues for the 1990s and Beyond." background paper prepared for the Car- 

 negie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. 1991 



17. For a detailed discussion, see Steven J. Kafka, op. cil.. note 16 above 



18. D. Allan Bromley, "A Science and Technology Policy for the 1990'$." address to the AAAS 

 Colloquium on Science and Technology Policy. Washington. DC. April 16. 1991. 



19. When the Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970. its original mandate 

 was to take a long-term view of the overall condition of the environment and its capacity to suppon 

 a health life for all species— itxluding human beings. However, in the years that followed. Con- 

 gress gave EPA a plethora of very specific regulatory responsibilities. These added duties have 

 weakened EPA's ability to do comprehensive long-range planning and to look at the "big picture." 

 See. for example. Chapter 1 of Fnlicre Risk: Research Strategies for the s^gos. U.S. EPA. Science 

 Advisory Board. September 1988. SAB-EC-88-040. 



10. Enrimnmental Research and Assessment: Proposais for Better Organization and Decision 

 Malting. Carnegie Commission on Science. Technology, and Government. July 1991.. 



u . Caracgie Commission on ScietKe. Technology, and Government, op. cit. . note i above, p. 14. 



11. Office ci Management and Budget. Budget of the U.S. Government FY 1593 . U.S. Gov- 

 ernment Printing Office. Washington. DC, p i;i. 



1). World Rcsouxces Institute, Bacis to the Future: U.S. Government Policy toward Environ- 

 mentally Critical Technology. Washington, DC. June 1991, p. 19. 



14. Harvey Brooks, "Innovation and Competitiveness," a symposium lecture in memory of 

 J. Herben Hollomon. April 9, 1991. 



15 . Carnegie Commission on Science. Technology, and Govenunent. Technology and Eco- 

 nomic Performance: Organizing the Executive Branch for a Stronger National Technology Base. 

 New York. September 1991. 



16. Congressional Research Service. Federal R&D in Environmental Technologies. July 17, 

 1991, p. 6. 



1.7. Jonathon Paikci. "Environmental Assessment; Two Conficrences on Environmental Indi- 

 cators and Indices." Environment y^i^Y^i-^y. 1991- 



18. Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 

 199). VS. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 1991. p. 597. 



19. For example, despite a growth in EPA program responsibilities during the 19S0S, the EPA 

 operating budget fell from $1.7 billion in 1979 to ti.o billion in 19S). and only increased to $1.7 

 billion again in 1991 (in constant 19S1 dollars). See GAO/RCED-91-97. 



)o. Edwaxd S. Rubin. Lester B. Lave, and M. Granger Morgan, "Keeping Climate Research 

 Relevant," Issues in Science and Technology S(l)^7-5^, 1991. 

 )i. Jonathon Parker, op. at, note 17 above, p. 42.. 

 51. U.S. Envirorunental Protection Agency. Unfinuhed Business, Washington. 1l)C. 1987. p. 97. 



