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HATCHBRY AND WILD SALMON INTE RACTIOM STUDIES: 



1. Chilcote, M.W., S.A. Leider, and J.J. Loch. 1986. 

 Differential reproductive success of hatchery and wild 

 summer-run steelhead under natural conditions. Trans. Am. 

 Fish. Soc. 115: 726-735. (Study shows that hatchery 

 steelhead are at least nine times less productive in the 

 natural stream environment than are wild steelhead. And 

 wild steelhead have a higher survival rate than hatchery 

 steelhead at every life cycle stage.) 



2. Reisenbichler, R.R., and J.D. Mclntyre. 1977. Genetic 

 differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery 

 and wild steelhead trout. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 

 123-128. (Study shows that crosses of hatchery and wild 

 steelhead produced less viable progeny than wild crosses 

 and that hatchery crosses had the lowest survival. This 

 study concluded that hatchery and wild crosses produced 

 fewer smolts and adults in the next generation.) 



3. Reisenbichler, R.R. 1984. Outplanting: potential for 

 harmful genetic change in naturally spawning salmonids. 

 p. 33-39. In J.M. Walton, and D.B. Houston [ed.] 

 Proceedings of the Olympic wild fish conference. 

 Peninsula College. Fisheries Technology Program. Port 

 Angeles, WA. 



4. Byrne, Alan, T.C. Bjornn, and J.D. Mclntyre. 1992. 

 Modeling the response of native steelhead to hatchery 

 supplementation programs in an Idaho river. N. Am. J. 

 Fish. Mgt. 12: 62-78. (Study shows that long-term 

 stocking of fry or smolts led to the extinction of native 

 fish in some scenarios.) 



5. Nickelson, T.E., M.F. Solazzi, and S.L. Johnson. 1986. 

 Use of hatchery cobo salmon presmolts to rebuild wild 

 populations in Oregon coastal streams. Can. J. Fish. 

 Aquat. Sc. 43: 2443-2449. (This study showed that 

 stocking of hatchery salmon caused a decline in total 

 fish production by 50% and this effect lasted into the 

 next adult and juvenile generation.) 



6. Waples, R.S. 1990. Genetic interactions between hatchery 

 and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific Northwest. 

 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Vol. 48 (Suppl. 1) 1991. (This 

 paper investigates the effects of hatchery fish on wild 

 fish, concluding that hatchery fish can have substantial 

 direct and indirect genetic impacts on wild fish.) 



