228 SCIENCE OF THE STUDY OP TREES. TAUT II. 



elm, and many other trees. The time of separation, the size, the future 

 treatment, and the litness of j)!ants so producL-d relatively to those 

 produced by other means of ])ropa;j;ation, recjuire to be considered. 

 C. By Vifixion. Low-growinjf many-stemmed shrubs, such as thL' dwarf 

 box, the butcher's broom, ^e., and some creepers, such as //vpericum 

 calycnium, &c., are most easily pnipaj;ated by taking up the entire 

 conglomeration of plants, and separating them. 



d. Bi/ Cuttings. Cuttings may betaken ironi the branches, or shoots, 

 and either in summer or winter ; they may also, in some cases, be 

 taken from the trunks of trees of large size ; they may be taken from 

 roots in many cases ; ami some evergreens, sncli as tlie Auculiu, and 

 some deciduous shrubs, such as tiie \Vistar(Vt, may be jn-opagated by 

 leaves cut oil with a bud in their axil. In all these methods, the sea- 

 son, soil, situation, shade, air, temperature, and time for tran^planting, 

 re(|uire to be taken into consideration. 



e. By Layers. These may be made of the winter's wood, or of the sum- 

 mer's shoots, and by a variety of dilFerent modes of cutting, twisting, 

 ringing, &c. ; in all of which, the season, soil, and situation, and time 

 for detaching and transplanting the layers, reipiire to be treated of. 



f. By Ringing, and u]>})lying a Ball of Earth or Moss. This is prac- 

 tised in various ways, with or without the aid of a j)erpetual supj)ly 

 of water ; and, as in the preceding cases, the season, kx-ality, and the 

 nature of the subject, with other particulars, require to be mentioned. 



g. By Budding on other Plants. Here we have to consider the kind of 

 stock; its age; its influence on the scion; the modes of performing 

 the operation, which are various ; the age of the scion from which the 

 buds are taken ; the time when the plant is fit for transplanting; and 

 other particulars, 



h. Budding in the Soil. Leaves with buds in their axils will, in various 

 cases, both of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, produce 

 ])lants. Buds, also, without leaves, but with small portions of wood 

 cut from trees, in some cases from the old wood, as in proj):igating 

 the olive, and in others from the young wood, as in propagating the 

 vine, will produce plants. Buds in the roots may also be so em- 

 j)loyed; as in the case of many of the ifosacere. In general, the buds 

 of the trunks and roots are latent germs, and not visible on the \)ov- 

 tions that are employed for propagation. 

 i. By Grafting. With reference to this operation, the kind of stock 

 should be indicated, its age, and its influence on the scion ; the mode 

 of performing the operaiion; the season; the age of the scion ; and 

 the time when the subject is fit for transplanting, 

 k. Jhj Inarching. Here the same considerations require to be taken 

 into view as in grafting; with various adilitional ones, respeciing the 

 niichanical position of the stock, in the case of inarching the branches 

 of high trees into stocks in pots. 

 11. Culture. This subject embraces the soil, situation, and exposure ; the 



rearing and culture in the nursery ; the choice of plants and planting out ; 



the final culture and management of the plant till it dies, is felled or cut 



down ; and the species adapted to succeed it. 



A. The Soil, Situation, and Exposure. In giMici-al, it may be asserted that 

 tlie component parts of soils are only of importance relatively to their 

 capacity for retaining, or jiarting with, moisture; but some plants are 

 absolute in their choice, and will only thrive in particular soils. 



B. Culture in the Nursery. This, in some cases, will retpiire t<> be carried 

 on for some time under glass or in pits, or against a wall or with some 

 kind of protection ; it may reipiire the plant to be kci)t in a pot or 

 box, in a shaded or light situation, in a close or airy one, in rows 

 in beds, or singly, &c. The time when the plant will be fit for final 

 transplanting will require to be mentioned; and, also, what is of very 



