cHAi'. CI. fri.MA cea:. //lml's. 1379 



L'Ornu- a pctites h'l-uillcii, I'Orme nuj/i', I'Ormc pyramiddl, the small-lcavcd Elm, wliith 

 always growij erect, with the liraiifhes close to the trunk. 



L'Ormi^ a Irtss-firaniles I'euiUes, VOrinc Ji-tnellc, I'Orrne tie Trianon, the large-lcavetl Ehn, 

 the hraiii^heii of which spread tiorizojitally. 'rhivehn, taya IJu Haniel, braiicheb much, 

 am! furiii.iheii kneed tiiriher, which in very useful to the wheelwright. Itit wood, how- 

 ever, in not no strong ai that of the twisted elm. 



I.'Oniie tir Ilullaiuie <i grandet Feuilles jia7iaclii':fs, Ihe variegated IJutch Ehn, has broad 

 variegated leaves. 



L'Ornte. lorlillard, 't II. Ujrtii6sa I.udd. Cat. fsee p. l'J7f).), the twisted Elm. — This iga very dU- 

 tiutt variety; audit is one wliich very fretjueiitly comes true from seed. Its leaves 

 are of a very deep green, and about the middle size ; its trunk is marked with alternate 

 knots and hollows ; and the fibres of its wood are all twisteil and interlaced together. 

 'l"his kind of elm presents a very singular ap|)earance when it becomes old, as a numt>er 

 of knots, or bosses, appear to surround its trunk. It produces but few seeds, and some 

 years none at all. Its seeds are, also, much smaller than those of the common elm. It is 

 the best of all the varieties for the use of wheelwrights ; and particularly for the s|>okeii 

 of wheels. This elm is very much cultivated in Erance, at Varennes, in the nurseries 

 near .Meaux, and at Amiens. On the road from Meaux to Pans, there is a great 

 numlK-r of these trees. .Michaux mentions the twisted elm in his h'wth American 

 Sytua, 'i. p %., and strongly recommends it to both English and American planters. 



TJcirrijilion, <.^c. Tlic coiiiiiioii Erif^li.ili elm i.s, perhaps, more frefjuently to 

 be found in the park.s and plea.siire-ground.s of the l*^ni;h.sh nobility and gentry, 

 than any other tree, exeept the oak. It i.s of a tall iipri;zht habit of growth, 

 with a .straight trunk, 4ft. or .3 ft. in diameter when fully grown, and attaining 

 tlie height of lid ft. or 70 ft. or upward.s. It ha.s rather .slender branches, 

 which are densely clothed with small deep green leaves, somewhat shining on 

 the u|)per surface, though rough to the touch. These leaves are broad iti the 

 middle, and contracted towards each end ; being, like those of all the other 

 species of elms, unequal at the base, and doubly dentated ; and having a 

 strongly marked midrib, with other etjually prominent lateral ribs jjroceeding 

 from it on each side. The colour of the flowers, which appear before the 

 leaves, varies from a dark red to a didl jmrple. According to Evelyn, the 

 connnon elm will produce a load of timber in about 40 years : it does not, 

 however, cease growing, if planted in a favourable situation, neither too dry 

 nor too moist, till it is 100 or i.jO years old ; and it will live several centuries. 

 Young trees, in the climate of London, will attain the height of 2.i> ft. or 

 .'iOft. in ten years, of which there are living proofs in the Loiulon Horti- 

 cultural .Society's (jarden. According to Dr. Walker (K'at. Hut., p. 12.), the 

 English elm, when planted beside the .Scotch elm, grows much faster, and 

 produces a greater quantity of timber in the same space of time ; though that 

 timber is inferior in colour, hardness, and durability. 



(icdgrdjilnj. The small-leaved elm is a native of the middle and south of 

 Europe, the west of Asia, and liarbary. In France and .Spain, it is found in 

 great abundance; and many botanists consider it a native of England. If not 

 truly indigenous, it appears to have been introduced at a very early period, 

 probably by the Romans, and to have been propagated by art ; for, as Pliny 

 observes, it seldom bears seeds to any considerable extent. According to 

 Sir J. E. .Smith, it is found wild in woods and hedges in the southern parts 

 of England, particularly in the New Forest, Hampshire, and in Sussex and 

 Norfolk. (See Ew^. FL, ii. p. 20.) 



Uisloty. The common field elm was known to the ancient Greeks, as it 

 appears evident from Pliny mentioning that the (ireeks had two di.stinct kinds, 

 one inhabiting the mountains, and the other the plains. The Romans, Pliny 

 adds, had four kinds; the mountain, or tall, elm ( i/'lmus yitfnia, our U. 

 campestris) ; the Gauhc elm ; the elm of Italy, which had its leaves in tufts ; and 

 the wild elm. The elm was scarcely kriown, as an ornamental tree, in France, 

 till the time of Fiancis I. ; and it ap[jears to have been first planted there to 

 adorn public walks, about VoU). ('Sue iJicLdcs Emu ct Forels, ii. p. 453.) It 

 was afterwards planted largely, particularly in churchyards, by .Sully, in the 

 reign of Henry IV. ; and, by de.'^ire of that king, who, according to Evelyn, 

 expressed a wish to have all the highways in France planted with il, it .soon 

 became the tree most generally used for promenades and hedgerows. Many 

 old trec.^ existed at the period of the first French revolution, which were 

 called Sully or Rosni, and Henri Quatre ; names that had been given to them 

 a()parently to commemorate their illustrious planters. Bosc states that he 



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