2012 VliUORliTlhVI AND FRUTICETUM. I'AlfT 111. 



bcil for two years; after which they may he planted into iiiir->cry Hues, ami 

 iiiulergo the usual routine treatment. The varieties are usually propagated 

 by layers; and,accorilini,' to 8aiig, the species was formerly proj)agateiI in this 

 maimer in large quantities ; but, the plants so raised never arriving at great 

 stature as timber trees, the hornbeam came to l)e considered more as a shrub 

 than as a forest tree, and its jdanting was neglected, exce[)t for hedges. It is 

 now, however, never pro|)agated otherwise than by seeds. 



Accidents, Diseases, Insects, and parasitic I'/ants. The hornbeain, from the 

 toughness of its branches, and the tenacity with which its roots take hold of 

 the soil, is scarcely ever injured by high w inds ; it is, however, very liable to be 

 barked, and sometimes entirely destroyed, by mice, wiien the seedling [)lants 

 first appear above the ground ; and afterwards, till the tree is five or six years 

 old, by hares and ral)bits, neither of which will touch any other kind of tree 

 in the same plantation, till tliev have stripped the hornbeam of every particle 

 of its bark within their reach. It is liable to few iliseases ; but, when pruned 

 or otherwise wounded in spring, it bleeds freely ; sometimes, also, a kind ot 

 gum, in filaments, oozes out of the fissures of the bark. This genus is red- 

 ilish, easily dissolved in spirits of wine, and analogous to lac. (See Diet, des 

 Eaux et Forets,&i.c.) The hornbeam does not appear to be much subject to 

 the attacks of insects. *Hybernia prosapiaria, *Hirnera[)enriaria, f Geometra 

 earpiniaria, *Campa;^a margaritata, Clorissa putataria, are lepidopterons in- 

 sects, which, in the larva state, eitiier entirely or pai'tially subsist upon the 

 leaves. Cicones carpini is a small beetle found under the bark ; Coccus car- 

 pini is found upon the stems, with tlie ordinary habits of the scale insects ; and 

 one of the saw-flies, Zbnthredo carpini, is thus named from its feeding upon 

 this tree. The fungi that are found on the hornbeam are : Polyporus adi'istus 

 Willd. var. carpineus ; Sphce^ria decipiens Dec. ; and Stilbospora magna Berk., 

 syn. S. Carpini Sow., t. 370., and fig. 1G613. in the Encj/clopa-dia uf Plants, 

 singular for the large tendrils which are formed by the oozing sporidia. 

 Sphai^ria fimbriata Pers. and Spha-^ria carpinea i^/-. on the leaves, and S. 

 (^'cirpini Pers. on the twigs, have not yet been observed in this country ; but 

 there is little doubt that they will rev.ard the research of some botanist, in 

 countries where the hornbeam is prevalent. 



statistics, accorded Trees. Miller speaks of some hornbeams that he had seen in woods, 70 ft. 

 high ; but he does not give their circumference. Marsham mentions a hornbeam in Lord Petre's park 

 atWrittle, in Essex, which, in 1764, measured, atott. from the ground, above I'.Mt. in circumference. 

 {Uat/t Soc. Pnp., i. j). 6li.) Evelyn mentions the hedges at Hampton Court as being from Ijft. to 

 I'O ft. high. Dr. Walker, in his ^ssai/s, ixc, mentions a hornbeam at Hargally (see p. 95.) which mca- 

 cured, in 1780, 6 ft. 1 in. in circumference, had 20 ft. of clear trunk, and was 70 ft. high. In France, 

 the hornbeam is so generally used for garden hedges, that there does not appear to be any large old 

 trees; but Evelyn informs us that, in Germany, it was formerly the custom to plant a clumpofthe.se 

 trees " before tlie entries of most of the great towns ; to which they apply timber frames for the 

 people to sit and solace in. Scamozzi, the architect, says that in his time he found one whose 

 branches extended "Oft in breadth : this was at Vuimfen, near the Neckcr, belonging to the Duke 

 of Wirtemlx;rg." {IJunl. Evel., i. p. 144.) 



Erislirif; Trees of Cdrpinus lii'tuliis. .South of London: in Devonshire, at Endsleigh Cottage, 12 

 years planted, it is oOft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 10ft. ; in Dorsetshire, 

 at Melbury Park.tiO >ear.>i planted, it is 7'-' ft. high, girt of trunk 7 ft, and diameter of the head 60 ft; 

 in Ilami)shire, at Alrolbrd, M years planted, it is (id ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of 

 the head 31 ft. North of Liimion : in Denbighshire, at Llanbcde Hall, .^0 years i>lanlcd, it is 56 ft. 

 high, girt of the trunk hft. 4 in., and diameter of the head 3()ft ; in I>;inc;isliire, at Latham House, 

 60 years planted, it is 4S ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 6 in., and that of the space covered by the 

 branches .'51 ft ; in Northamptonshire, at Wakelield Lodge, i.') years planted, it is 22 ft. high, the 

 diameter of the trunk 5 in., and of the head 8 It. ; in Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 

 40 years plantetl, it is 2j ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 fi., and of the head 20 ft. ; in Pern. 

 br<ikeshire, at Stacki)ole Court, 50 years planted, it is .W ft. high, tl.e diameter of the trunk 2 ft. li in., 

 and of the head 50 ft. ; in Shropshire, at Willy Park, 9 years planted, it is 25 ft high ; in Suttblk, at 

 Finborough Hall, (,0 years planted, it is 80ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. Sin., and of the 

 head 40 It. ; in Warwickshire, at Combe Abbey, 60 years planted, it is 42 ft. high, the diameter of 

 the trunk 2ft., and of the head 42 ft : in Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, it is SJft high, with a 

 trunk 5 ft. 4 in. in girl ; at Croomc,20 ye.ars planted, it is M ft. high, the diameter of the trinik 10 in., 

 and of the head 15 tt. : in Yorkshire, iii Studley Park, there are several trees from 50 ft to 60 ft high, 

 three of which have been already figured. — In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Hooetoun House, it is 

 40 ft. high, the diameter of trunk 1 ft 10 in., and of the head Ixil't. South of ixlinburgh : in the 

 .Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 4S ft. high, the diameter of the trunk o ft, and of 

 the head 47 ft ; in lladdnigtonshire, at Tynningham, diameter of the trunk 1ft. 10in.,and that of 

 the head 3ii ft. North of Edinburgh : in .Vrgyllshire, at Toward Castle, 15 years plantetl, it is 20 ft. 

 high, diameter of trunk 6 in. ; in Itandshiro, at (lordon Castle, it is .54 ft. liigh, diameter of trunk 

 2 ft. 9 in., and of the head .")0 ft ; in Claikniannaii.-liire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 

 12 years planted, it is JO ft high ; in I'erth.'.hire, at Taymoutli, 40 years planted, it istiOlt high, dia- 

 meter of trunk 8 in., and of head JO ft. ; in Renfrewshire, at I'olloc, it was in 18J6 6 ft. 6iii. in circum- 



