CHAP. XLII. JJOSA^CE^. PY RUS. 903 



the insects. The trunk and branches are liable, in some soils, and in moist 

 situations, to be infested with lichens and moss, which must be scraped oiF; 

 and in others the mistletoe is apt to take root, which ought to be cut out. 



The American Bug, American BUgJit, Cotton Insect, or Wooi/i/ Ajjhis (A^phls 

 lanigera L., Eriosoma mali Leach), is one of the most common enemies of 

 the apple tree, particularly in England. How it came to be named American 

 blight Is uncertain; the insect being found, in Britain, on crab trees, in plant- 

 ations; and, consequently, being, in all probability, indigenous. Insects of the 

 allied genera A^his and Eriosoma attack various shrubs, and have been found 

 on the leaves "and roots of herbaceous plants. The A'phis lanfgera, when 

 closely examined, resembles the kind of aphis, or plant-louse, which infests 

 the rose, and other shrubs and plants ; but, unlike the common plant-lice, it is 

 clothed, or muffled up with a substance resembling cotton wool, in such 

 quantities, that no one, who was not aware of the fact, would suppose it con- 

 tained an insect. In very hot weather, portions of this woolly matter sepa- 

 rate from the mass, and float about in the air ; and are driven along by the 

 wind, till they are caught by the branch of some other tree; and in this 

 manner the insect is propagated. The following observations by a writer in 

 the Entomological Magazine, under the signature of Rusticus, quoted in the 

 Gardener's Magazine, vol. ix. p. 333., describe the mode of propagation of this 

 insect, and give, also, a method of destroying it : — " These blights wander 

 wherever it pleases the wind to carry them ; and, if bad luck should drive one 

 of them against the branch of an apple tree, there it will stick, creep into a 

 crack in the bark, bring forth its young, and found a colony : the white cotton 

 soon appears in large bunches; branch after branch becomes infected; the 

 tree grows cankery, pines, and dies. How this is effected no one knows, 

 though the cause and eifect are too evident to escape the notice of the com- 

 monest clown. In large orchards, it is vain to hope for a cure; but not so in 

 gardens. Directly you see the least morsel of cotton, make up your mind to 

 a little trouble, and you will get rid of it. In the first place, get a plasterer's 

 whitewashing brush ; then get a large pot of double size; make your man heat 

 it, till it is quite liquid; then go with him into the garden, and see that he paints 

 over every patch of white, though not bigger than a sixpence ; the next morn- 

 ing have the size-pot heated again, and have another hunt; and keep on doing 

 so every morning for a fortnight. Your man will tell you it 's no use : tell 

 him that 's your business, not his. Your neighbours will laugh at you for 

 your pains : do it before they are up. I have tried it, and know it to be 

 effectual. Spirit of tar has been used with partial effect ; so, also, has resin. 

 Whitewashing has been often tried, and, as it contains some size, is not 

 entirely useless; and some horticulturists think it ornamental : I do not." 



Other Remedies for the Woolli/ Aphis. This insect, a writer in the Gardener's 

 Magazine, residing in Cornwall, observes, appears to be spreading continually 

 into new districts, even where no new trees have been planted, more espe- 

 cially in the bottoms of valleys. The acclivities of hills it ascends very 

 slowly; and orchards in these situations are generally less affected by the 

 insect than such as are in plains. The writer alluded to (Mr. Jonathan 

 Couch, a scientific naturalist) recommends diluted sulphuric acid as the agent 

 of destruction. This is formed, he says, by "mixing slowly three quarters of 

 an ounce of sulphuric acid with 7^ oz. of water. In laying it on, care should 

 be taken not to let it touch the clothes of the operator, in which it will make 

 holes. It shoukl be applied all over the bark by means of rags, the only parts 

 exempted being the present year's shoots, which it would destroy. It clears 

 the tree of moss and lichens, as well as insects ; and, if applied in showery 

 weather, will be washed into every crevice in which they can harbour. The 

 insects which are touched with it immediately die ; and those that have not 

 been touched with it very soon cease to yield so large a secretion of cotton ; 

 . by which means, if it be "true that the young ones are conveyed by the winds, 

 wrapped up in this mantle, their propagation must be curtailed. After the 

 application of the acid, when the weather has been fair, I have seen them in 



