1218 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART 111. 



2 F. e. 12 horizontdlis Desf., Pers. Ench., i. p. 604., Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, 



the horkontal-hra.nc\\eA Ash, has the branches spreadini; horizoDtally. 



$ F. e. 13 verrucosa Desf., Pers. Ench., i. p. eOi., Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, 



the tvarted-bar^mA Ash^h^s the branches warted. 

 t F. e. 14 i^errucosa pendula. — A tree of this variety in the Horticultural 

 Society's Garden was, in 1835, 10 ft. high, after being 16 years 

 planted. 

 1 F. e. 15 ndrai Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836, F. e. humilis Hort., the dwarf 

 Ash, seldom exceeds 3 ft. in height, but there is a plant in the Hor- 

 ticultural Society's Garden, bearing this name, which is 7 ft. higli, 

 and its stem immediately above the graft is 4 in. in diameter. The 

 leaves of this variety resemble those of the common ash, but the 

 leaflets are much smaller and closer together. 

 1 F. e. \Qfungnsa Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. The fungous-harked Ash. 

 5f F. e. 17 vcrticillata Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836. the ivhorled-\caved Ash. 

 i F. £". 18 vil/osa nuva Descemet is a seedling, discovered accidentally, of 



which there are plants in the Odessa collection. 

 Other Varieties. In addition to the above varieties of the common ash, 

 there are several names in the Catalogue of Messrs. Loiidiges, and in the 

 collection in the Chiswick Garden, whicii will be found in an appendix to 

 this article. The plants to which these names apply, are, for the most 

 [)art, small, or crowded among other trees or shrubs ; so that we have been 

 unable to determine whether they are truly distinct or not. 

 Description. The common ash is one of the noblest of our forest trees. 

 In a clo.se grove, and in a free deep soil, it becomes one of the loftiest of 

 liritish trees, with a trunk free from branches to a great height. Standing 

 singly, it throws out large limbs, which divide into numerous branches, form- 

 ing a full spreading head, with a short, but very thick, trunk. In some situa- 

 tions, particularly on rocky steeps, the branches on old trees become pendent ; 

 but, as in all cases of olil ash trees whatever, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, there 

 is a tendency in the extremities of the lower branches to curve ui)wards. The 

 bark is ash-coloured when old, and dark grey when young The buds are short, 

 oval, obtuse, and constantly black : and, by this last circumstance, the conunon 

 ash is easily distinguished from the American species. The leaves are opposite, 

 and arc composed of from 5 to 13 leaflets, slightly pedicellate, smooth, oval, 

 acuminated and serrated. The common petioleis semicylindrical,with a channel 

 on the upper side. The roots are numerous, and take a horizontal direction ; 

 and they are furnished with more fibres than those of most other forest trees. 

 Both fibres and roots are white, which, indeed, is the case with the roots of 

 all the Oleaceje. If the tree is planted in good soil, it grows rapidly when 

 young, attaining the height of 15 ft. and upwards in 10 years. The height of 

 full-grown trees, in the most favourable situations, is from 80 ft. to 100 ft., 

 and their duration several centuries. No deciduous tree whatever, in culti- 

 vation in British plantations, is more injurious to plants growing under it, than 

 the ash ; from its numerous fibrous roots, which, rising close to the surface, 

 exhaust the soil, and prevent the vegetation of almost every other plant, 

 except those that have also fibrous roots. 



Geography. The common ash is indigenous to central Europe, to Sweden, to 

 Norway, to Russia, to the south of Europe, to the north of Africa, and to Japan; 

 and there is a .species in America (the white American ash) which closely re- 

 sembles it in many respects, except that it has whitish buds instead of black 

 ones. In Britain, the ash is found in most parts of the island, from Ross-shire 

 to Cornwall. It always grows best in good, somewhat calcareous, soil ; which, 

 though not boggy, is generally adjoining water. Its most favourite situations 

 are on the steep rocky banks of rivers, or on the sides of glens, at the base 

 of which, where there is generally a great depth of soil, and a stream not 

 very distant, the tree attains its largest size. The most profitable age for 

 felling the ash appears to be from 80 to 100 years. It will continue pushing 

 from stools or from pollards, for above 100 years. 



