23 



ing system there is hardly room to put a bread box, so one would 

 have to do some redesign, some retrofitting, get our good friends in 

 the shipping industry to donate a ship to us. 



Captain Donohoe. Let me just add, too, Mr. Kingston, one of the 

 issues that is important to mention is that the way cargoes move 

 around the world it is difficult to identify a particular vessel that 

 may be in one port today and get rerouted to another. So we need 

 to make sure we have some kind of systemic approach that treats 

 the transporter as opposed to the critter itself or the nation from 

 which it comes. 



To the extent we increase awareness through education that this 

 possibility exists by educating the mariner and also trying to iden- 

 tify technologies that might be made available to the shipping com- 

 munity, it probably is a little better fix than trying to look into the 

 crystal ball and figure out which critter will make the top 10 list 

 and which nation that has those bad critters. 



Mr. Kingston. Let me ask another question on a different sub- 

 ject. I know certain freshwater fish can live in salt water. For ex- 

 ample, tropical fish, black molly, can live in a salt water or fresh- 

 water aquarium, and I understand there are certsdn kind of bass 

 that can live — there are salt water bass that can live in freshwater. 

 I don't know if that is correct or not, but I understand that. 



Have we, and I know your study concentrated on the Great 

 Lakes, but have we looked at what this is doing to ships going up 

 and down intercoastal waterways, following up the streams and 

 tributaries to the brackish water and then to the freshwater? Has 

 there been intrusion into freshwater and brackish water? 



Dr. Carlton. Do you mean are we transporting species along the 

 coastlines? 



Mr. Kingston. Along the intercoastal waterways. 



Dr. Carlton. Between ports and so on? 



Mr. Kingston. I am thinking more in terms of sailboats and rec- 

 reational. And I know it is not ballast, but they get under the keel 

 of a sailboat and then they can fall off and attach on. 



Dr. Carlton. We assume a good deal of that sort of transport is 

 going on, but there are really not any studies on that. 



Mr. Kingston. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 



Mr. LiPiNSKi. Thank you, Mr. Kingston. 



Ms. Kimball, will the consultation and cooperation provisions in 

 the Ballast Water Control Act impede or enhance the Secretary's 

 efforts to meet the act's goals? 



Ms. Kimball. We believe that it enhances the Secretary's ability 

 to meet the goals. One of the things that we think is important in 

 the Act is it brings together all the Federal agencies so we can de- 

 velop a coordinated Federal policy. 



I know the OTA report was somewhat critical of that, but we 

 think that it is a necessary step that will help us speak with one 

 Federal voice to coordinate our efforts and our resources to address 

 this serious problem. 



Mr. LiPiNSKi. Thank you. 



Dr. Carlton, would any one ballast water management technolo- 

 gy or practice eliminate the threat of aquatic nuisance invasions? 



Dr. Carlton. No. What we are seeing developing very clearly, 

 with every passing year of our increased understanding of the role 



