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of ballast in moving organisms around the world, are that we are 

 going to be selecting from a broad menu of options, and some of 

 those options are start-at-home options, where if you look over the 

 side of the ship and the water is red, and there is a red tide, then 

 we ask the mariner not to ballast up the red tide into his ship to 

 carry it to another port. That is ballasting micromanagement. 



In the same sense, there might be filters aboard the ship of the 

 future. The ship might exchange its water anyway on the high 

 seas. The ship might choose not to deballast in a sensitive zone at 

 the target area. 



So what we want to start thinking here is that it is really a 

 whole broad menu of control options from the beginning of the 

 trip, through the trip, to the end of the trip, and that some of these 

 things are applicable immediately and others are the kinds of tech- 

 nologies that we are going to have to develop in the future. 



I have a hard time seeing, as with any quarantine system, that 

 any one option is really going to be the answer. 

 Mr. LiPiNSKi. Thank you. 



Mr. Kingston asked you a question about going from a seaport 

 into inland waterway system, and I was distracted. I heard the 

 question but I did not hear your answer. Is that occurring, where 

 we have an oceangoing vessel getting rid of their ballast waters, 



say ^well, any port, and then those species wind up in inland 



water systems. Do you we have any evidence of that occurring? 



Dr. Carlton. It certainly can occur. That is really the story of 

 the Great Lakes, in many ways, but now that could occur in the 

 Hudson River, in the upper portion of the Chesapeake Bay, in the 

 Mississippi River and the San Francisco Bay delta region, in the 

 Columbia River and so on, where a ship coming in with salt water 

 ballast could release that salt water into a freshwater environ- 

 ment. 



In large part, most of those organisms would die because they 

 are salt water organisms released into a freshwater environment. 

 There are organisms that can survive that kind of change in salt 

 content, that kind of change in salinity, and that is also the source 

 of some of the salt water invasions historically in the Great Lakes, 

 we believe. 



With the Great Lakes' laws on the books, with the Hudson River 

 laws about to happen, we simply leave the other ports at the 

 moment still open for that kind of water release. 

 Mr. LiPiNSKi. Thank you. 



Mr. Ryan, I applaud the Lake Carriers' voluntary efforts to curb 

 the spread of the river ruffe, however, does ballast water exchange 

 in deep and in cold water entirely eliminate the possibility if a 

 ruffe transfers through ballast water? 



Mr. Ryan. When we developed the criteria for exchange, we did 

 so with the help of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It was their 

 advice that the water exchange, which might have ruffe in it, be 

 done a certain distance offshore and in certain depths of water. Un- 

 fortunately, at a recent meeting I attended, they have discovered 

 that the ruffe have been captured at deeper and colder— in deeper 

 and in colder water than previously was thought. Don't know the 

 import of that. 



