132 GARDEX MANAGEMENT. 



several cuts being covered witli gi'afting-paste. These new suppressions' 

 increasing the energy of the young branches, they will henceforth grow with 

 great vigour, and will soon replace the ancient tree. 



295. In the same proportion in which the stem is operated upon, so must 

 the roots be. As soon as buds begin to aj^pear upon the portion of th& 

 branches left ; the leaves which are developed send towards the roots a quantity 

 of ligneous fibre and corticle, or wood fibre. In its course towards the roots, 

 this sap meets with beds or layers of cambium and liber, thi'ough which they 

 extend themselves in a languishing state, since it is now deprived of the fluid 

 which facilitated its passage, taking their natural du-ection, and penetrating 

 the cells in the bark upon the roots, they give place to new organs, at once 

 more nourishing, more healthy, and more vigorous than the old roots. If, after 

 three or four years, a tree operated upon as we have indicated is transplanted, 

 it will be observed that the lower half of the old roots, comprised between the 

 lines J and K, are decayed, and that young roots, comprising those between 

 K and L, have been thrown out. The tree has reached the state represented 

 in the engraving, and is supplied with young, healthy, and vigorous roots, 

 as well as more vigorous branches, with new layers of cambium and liber. It 

 is, in reahty, a new tree, which has taken the place of the prematurely old 

 one, whose organs have ceased to live. 



296. Analogous treatment to that which we have indicated for espalier trees 

 may be followed with standards and pyramid trees; removing the objection- 

 able branches eight to ten inches from the stem, and placing a crown or cleft 

 graft on each, if it is considered necessary, but taking care to leave a fourth 

 of the old branches, till the branches cut down have thrown out young shoots. 

 In the second year, the remaining branches may be removed altogether, 

 the extremity of the severed cuts, when made perfectly smooth, being covered 

 over with grafting-paste. 



297. By these processes, it is possible, except in cases of complete decay, 

 to restore the tree to its first Adgour, especially in the case of pip fruit, as the 

 apple and pear. In stone fruit, the success is less assured ; above all, it is 

 doubtful in the peach, which scarcely ever produces buds on the old wood ; 

 and the application of grafting is had recoiu*se to when it is desired to regene- 

 rate the ti-ee, or to graft an improved variety of the same fruit on an old but 

 healthy stock. In this case, crown-grafting is adopted, and a graft placed at 

 the extremity of each branch, which is cut do^\Ti in the manner already de« 

 scribed, favouring, in the meanwhile, the development of young wood at the 

 base of the tree, by short pruning, and pinching off the buds at the summit. 



298. We append to these details selections from a communication received 

 from the intelligent correspondent already mentioned, which bear upon the 

 subject under consideration. These communications will be distinguished by 

 the signature D. 



299. Cuttings in general may be considered as of two kinds, —matured wood 

 and young green shoots. The former, whatever they may be, strike readily, 

 and with very little care. An American plan, which is very successful, is to lay 



