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unredressed, followed by a recent movement toward compatibility with aquatic 

 habitat. In 1857, the City of Hoguiam was founded, with agriculture as its 

 economic base. The demand for dairy products for the Fraser River gold rush 

 stimulated Hoguiam' s development. Bringing land under cultivation had four 

 effects: 



Removing Side Channels. Sloughs, and Ponds .- Farmers diked certain riverfront 

 land on the Chehalis and its principal tributaries, especially the Wynoochee, 

 Sat sop, and Humptulips, and to a lesser degree the Skookumchuck and Newaukum 

 (GHRPC 1992). This destroyed winter cover and feeding areas for juvenile coho 

 salmon and cutthroat trout. River confinement is also thought to have 

 stimulated scouring, thus artificially lowering river elevations. 



Straightening Small Streams .- Straightening of small tributary streams to 

 allow more convenient grazing and farming resulted in loss of total stream 

 area and the essential habitat variation of the riffle/pool complex. Examples 

 are Banaford Creek and Bloom's Ditch (Phinney et al. 1975). 



Clearing the Bank of Trees .- This removed the shade tree canopy along some 

 tributaries, contributing immediately to wanner water, and, over the long 

 term, to less input of woody debris for fish cover. 



Snagging, or Logjam Removal .- In the 1880s, the USACE cleared many streams of 

 logjams, which were apparently thought to promote erosion, flooding and 

 channel shifting wherever jams were located. 



Logging 



This section will describe some of the damaging timber harvest practices now 

 prohibited by existing WDNR regulations. The effects of past timber harvest 

 practices, although sometimes obvious, are usually maddeningly difficult to 

 measure and link to specific degrees of fishery damage. 



History of the Industry 



In the early 1880s, timber harvest joined agriculture as a major economic 

 activity (Grays Harbor Regional Planning Commission 1992). In 1832, Grays 

 Harbor's first sawmill was built on the Hoguiam. In 1909, the demand for logs 

 grew quickly for use in rebuilding San Francisco after the fire and 

 earthquake. Thus arose the need to quickly transport many logs from the woods 

 to the Harbor. Before the advent of modern logging equipment and practices, 

 the most efficient way to transport logs to the mills was by water; giving 

 rise to the era of splash dam logging. Logging and driving companies 

 constructed a system of log dams to maintain ponds for holding logs and to 

 create a supply of water to move their cut timber (Wendler and Deschamps 

 1955b). Log splashing usually occurred weekly. The gates of each dam were 

 suddenly opened and the logs behind the dam sluiced through the gate and 

 carried downstream by the flow. 



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