78 



ruction (WDF 1986). Bare had to be smoothly eloped after scalping to 



trapping fish aa the river rooe and fell. In 1975, WDF further 

 icted gravel removal by closing the Humptulips to new bar scalping above 

 (WDF 1986). The wisdom of this move was confirmed by Collins and Dunne 

 , quoted in Mark et al. 1986) who showed that gravel mining on the 

 ulips had been talcing up to 10 times more than the river could replenish 

 i average year. 



si scalping is still permitted up to the transport rates derived by 

 .ns and Dunne (1988) for the Humptulips, Wynoochee , ' and Satsop. Annual - 

 /al is divided equally among gravel removal applicants for river of 

 rest. Special state legislation after the 1990 flood allowed a single 

 el removal operator to remove seven times the transport rate on the 

 tulips to help reduce the risk of flood damage. A special provision of 

 legislation closed the Humptulips to further gravel removal for 7 years, 

 ently, there are 6 years remaining on this provision. The Satsop and 

 ochee rivers receive only an average of one to two applications per year, 

 added restrictions on gravel bar scalping (removal) combined with 

 eased demands has made this type of gravel removal nearly economically 

 asible. 



Urbanisation 



he Basin was settled, urbanization permanently altered the aquatic 

 urce. Streets, buildings, bridges, culverts, and levees appeared, and 

 s required water supplies and sewage disposal. Streets and buildings 

 ted urban stormwater runoff, exacerbating both flooding and Btreambed 

 ability. Culverts under roads and city streets were seldom designed to 

 w fish to pass upstream. 



T: a towns not built on filled land often encroached onto floodplains — a 



pr 3B8 still in full force today in the upper Chehalis. Levees were built in 



Ce- -alia, Aberdeen, and Cosmopolis to protect development in the path of the 



n-. -, but levees typically cut off seasonally valuable fish habitat. 



Wat-r rights were granted to cities, industries, and individual homeowners on 

 the Philosophy that the best use of water was always for economic development, 

 i.e. . use outside the natural stream. Only in the 1970s was action begun to 

 protect instream resources (Hahlum 1976). 



Originally, all urban sewage was discharged untreated into the nearest water 

 body; sewage plants were not in operation, for instance, in the Aberdeen area 

 until 1957 (GHRPC 1992). This made parts of the middle and lower Chehalis 

 River uninhabitable for fish for at least the summer and early fall (WDOE et 

 al. 1974). 



Estuarine Dredging and Filling 



Since the turn of the century, log exports have driven the Grays Harbor 

 shipping industry, requiring a navigation channel from the ocean to the inner 



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