CAR 



CAR 



inonophyllous, six-clelt ; two of the divisions 

 larg-er than the rest: the pistilluni consists of 

 two germs, very short, two styles on each, ca- 

 pillary, coloured, long : the stigmas simple : no 

 pericarpium : the anient ))ecoming very large, 

 concealing the seed at the base of each scale : 

 the seed is a nut, ovate and angidar. 



The species are : 1 . C. Betulus, Common Horn- 

 beam; 2. C. Ostrya, Hop Hornbeam'; 3. C. 

 Firginiana, Flowering Virginian Hornbeam. 



The first rises with a straight upright stem to 

 a considerable height, feathered from the bot- 

 tom, and terminating in a branching bushy head : 

 the leaves are ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 

 strongly nerved, bright-green, smooth, three 

 mehes or more in length, and near two in 

 breadth, standing on round petioles, slightly 

 pubescent, half an inch in length, and having 

 ovate red glandules at their base. They begin 

 to open about the end of March, and are usually 

 quite out by the middle of April. They wither 

 in autumn, but remain on the branches till 

 spring. This has lately been considered chiefly 

 S.S a shrub, and cultivated for under-wood, and 

 in the nurseries for planting as hedges. 



There are varieties, with pale-green leaves, 

 with variegated leaves^ with cut leaves^ and the 

 Oriental Hornbeam. 



The second species rises with an upright stem 

 twenty feet in height, terminating in a rough 

 head : the leaves are elliptic, acuminate, doubly- 

 toothed, nerved, the nerves ferruginous. The 

 female fruits resemble hops, but are formed of 

 inflated scales, closed on every side, villose at the 

 base, including a bilocular seed. 



It sheds its leaves in winter, with the elm and 

 other deciduous trees. It was first observed in 

 Italy, and is very common in Germany. This 

 is of quicker growth than the common sort. 



The third grows to the height of thirty feet or 

 more, with an upright stem, and is of quicker 

 growth than either of the former sorts; it sheds 

 Its leaves, which are spear-shaped, pointed, and 

 rough, in autumn, about the same time with the 

 elm ; and during the time of its verdure makes a 

 good appearance, being well clothed with leaves, 

 which are of a deep, strong, green colour, re- 

 sembling the long-leaved elm. ' 



Culture. — All the sorts may be raised from 

 seed sown in autumn, in beds, covering it an inch 

 deep : the plants sometimes rise in the'spring, and 

 son)etimcs not till the spring following; the 

 seeds may likewise be preserved till the begin- 

 ning of the year, and then sown in February. 

 When the plants have had two years' growth in 

 the seed-bed, they should be planted out in the 

 nursery, in rows two feet and half distant, and 

 eighteen inches in the rows, keeping them 



clean ; and when from three to six or eight feet 

 high they are fit for being finally planted. 



They are also capable of being raised by layers 

 laid down in autumn, which in twelve months 

 will be ready to take off and plant out. This is 

 the best way to continue the different varieties 

 distinct; but for timber-trees the new method 

 is the best, as the trees continue longer. 



All these are hardy trees, and will prosper in 

 almost any soil or exposure. 



The first kind flourishes not only in good but 

 any hungry barren soil, light or stifle, and in 

 hilly, bleak, exposed places. It may also be 

 planted as a forest tree, for ornament in parks, 

 cither singly, in clumps, or large plantations, in 

 assemblage with others of the deciduous kind ; 

 and as it retains its leaves, in a withered state, 

 during the winter, it affords shelter to less hardy 

 trees, and is, of course, adapted to border plan- 

 tations. It is likewise well adapted for hedges, 

 eitber by v,'ay of ornament or shelter, as it is 

 feathered to the bottom, and capable of being 

 readily trained. And the other sorts are proper 

 for large ornamental plantations to increase the 

 variety and effect: the oriental kind is well, 

 adapted for low close hedajes. 

 CARROT. See Daucus. 

 CARTHAMUS, a genus comprehending 

 plants of the amuial and perennial herbaceous 

 flowery kind. 



It belongs to the class and order Syngenesia 

 Polygamla JEqvalh, and ranks in the natural 

 order of Compositce. 



The characters are: that the calyx is com- 

 mon ovate, imbricate; scales numerous, con- 

 tracted below, increased at the tip by a foliaceous 

 appcndicle, which is subovate, flat, spreading,, 

 obtuse : the corolla is compound uniform, tu- 

 bular; corollets hermaphrodite, equal; the pro- 

 per one monopetalous, funnel-form; border 

 five-parted, erect, subequal : the stamina con- 

 sist of five capillary filaments, very short: the 

 anthers are cylindrlc and tubular: the pislillum 

 is a very short germ : the style filiform, longer 

 than the stamens: the stigma simple: there is 

 no pericarpium : the calyx converging: the seeds 

 are solitary : the receptacle is flat, pilose, hairs 

 longer than the seed. 



The species are: 1. C. Z«/?(7Z?«, Yellow Distaff 

 Thistle, or Woolly Carthamus ; 2. C. ctcruleus, 

 Blue-flowered Carthamus, or Bastard Saffron ; 

 3. C. 7'/V/^/Va>rM.s, Tangier Carthanms ; 4. C. ar- 

 L'orc^cens, Tree Carthamus. 



The first is an annual plant, perishing soon 

 after the seeds are ripe : the lower leaves spread 

 flat uj)on the ijround; these are five or six inches 

 long, narrow, and deeply indented on both sides; 

 they are hairy, and have a few soft spines on 



