P Y R 



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further supply of shoots in the following year, 

 add two or tour of them as side branches, ar- 

 ranging them on each side of the stem as the two 

 former, training the middle shoot still in an up- 

 right direction ; observing that where it does not 

 furnish horizontals low enough, it may be 

 shortened so as to make it throw out shoots at 

 any requisite height, continuing the middle one 

 always upward for a stem, and the side ones for 

 bearer?. 



In either of these methods of training the 

 trees, continue yearly increasing the num- 

 ber of horizontal shoots, till the full space of 

 walling or espalier is regularly covered with bear- 

 ers at equal distances, constantly com inning them 

 all at full length, as far as the scope of walling, 

 fee. will permit; as they naturally form fruit - 

 spurs at every eve, almost their whole length, 

 and the same branches continue in a fruitful 

 state a great length of time. 



When the trees have once filled the wall or 

 espalier with branches, they need but very little 

 further supply for many years, and that only oc- 

 casionally, according as any worn-out or de- 

 cayed branch occurs, and wants renewing with 

 young wood. See Pruning. 



In the after-prunings in the summer, which 

 should be begun in May, or early in June, 

 rub off all the superfluous and unnecessary 

 shoots of the year, and all fore-right and other 

 ill-placed shoots, retrenching them quite close, 

 being careful to leave the terminating shoot of 

 every horizontal or bearer entire ; and reserving 

 here and there a well-placed shoot towards the 

 lower parts in particular, and where there arc any 

 apparent vacancies, to train up between the mo- 

 ther branches, till winter pruning, when if not 

 wanted they must be retrenched. 



In the winter pruning, which mav be per- 

 formed anytime from the fall of the leaf until 

 March, the branches should be generally ex- 

 amined to see if thev are any where too 

 much crowded, or trained irregularly ; and where 

 any such occur, they should be regulated as 

 they may require ; and where there are any va- 

 cancies, some contiguous shoots, reserved in the 

 summer dressing, should be laid in, and all the 

 other shoots not wanted must be cut clean out 

 close to the branches, being careful still to pre- 

 serve the terminating shoot of every branch en- 

 tire, in all parts, as far as the allotted space 

 admits, likewise all the fruit-spurs in every 

 part, fastening in all the branches regularly at 

 full length. 



In pruning old trees at this season, where de- 

 cayed and worn-out branches occur, they should 

 be cut out, and young wood trained in its stead; 

 likewise^ where any branch, through age or any 



other defect, is become barren or worn out, it 

 should be retrenched, and son;' eHgiMe lower 

 young branch or shoot be laid in in its place. 



Where any of the choicer sorts of these trees 

 are become worn out and barren, they should 

 be renewed with young bearers, by heading the 

 branches wholly down near the bottom in win- 

 ter or spring, when they break out in the old 

 wood, and in the following summer furnish a 

 large supply of strong young shoots, which 

 should be trained according to the rules ahead) 

 laid down, when they will soon form a sort of 

 new tree, and bear good fruit. 



After each winter-pruning, the trees which 

 arc against walls and espaliers require a general 

 nailing, Sec, which should always be done with 

 great regularity. See Wall-Treks, and Espa-' 

 lier-Trees. 



The mode of training dwarf standard trees of 

 this sort is shown in speaking of trees of that 

 kind. See Dwarf Trees. 



In respect to the culture of the borders where 

 this sort of wall- or espalier-trees are grow- 

 ing, it is commonly digging them once every 

 year, adding manure occasionally in common 

 with the other parts of the garden ; but if some 

 good rotten dung be applied every other year, 

 and the ground well dug or trenched every win- 

 ter, it greatly promotes the size ^and perfection 

 of the fruit. 



In regard to standard-trees of this kind, any 

 of the sorts bear plentifully in any open situa- 

 tion, though the fruit may not always be so 

 large and fine as those of wall- and espalier-trees: 

 summer and autumn pears however ripen in 

 great perfection on standards, as also most of 

 the common winter pears. In planting them, 

 trees of from two or three to four or five years 

 old, having: tolerable heads, are of a proper a<'e 

 and size for the purpose, and are preferable to 

 older trees for any general plantation. They 

 should be planted with all their heads entire, 

 except retrenching any very irregular-placed 

 branch, in the usual manner of tree-planting. 

 See Planting. 



In their future growth they should be suffered 

 to branch naturally, so as to form large branchy 

 heads, suffering them all to remain entire. 



The general culture of this sort of trees, in re- 

 spect to pruning, is very trifling, and only re- 

 quired occasionally, probably only once in several 

 years ; such as the retrenching any irregular 

 growing branches, and thinning such branches 

 as are very much crowded, cutting out all de- 

 cayed wood, and eradicating suckers from the 

 roots and stems. Sec Pruning. 



Where standard-trees arc situated in a garden, 

 in which the ground is necessarily due over and 

 5S{ 



