R U D 



and come into full bearing in the second after 

 planting. If they be suffered to remain more 

 than five or six years on the same ground, he 

 say<, they degenerate and bear small trait. And 

 much care should be taken not to leave above 

 eight or ten of the strongest shoots, rubbing off 

 or pulling up all the superfluous ones ; and 

 keeping the ground well hoed and cleared of 

 weeds between the rows, as well as in other 

 places. 



In the other sorts the increase may be effected 

 by suckers, layers, cuttings, and dividing the roots, 

 and in the two last or herbaceous kinds by seed. 



The suckers should be taken up in autumn, 

 winter, or spring, with roots ; and the strong- 

 est be planted at once into the shrubbery, and 

 the others in nursery-rows for a year or two, 

 or till wanted for planting. 



The layers should be made from the shoots, 

 which may be done almost any time, as they 

 readily emit roots at every joint, and become fit 

 to plant out in the autumn following. 



The cuttings should be taken off from some of 

 the younger shoots, and divided into lengths a 

 foot long, and planted in a shady border, either 

 in the spring or summer season. 



The roots in any of the raspberry or herba- 

 ceous sorts, when increased into larlre bunches, 

 may be divided or slipped into several distinct 

 sets, and planted out separately. 



The last two sorts may likewise be raised from 

 seeds, which should be taken from the ripened 

 fruit, and sown in a moist situation where the 

 plants are to remain, keeping the young plants 

 clean afterwards. 



The first species and varieties are highly useful 

 for their fruit ; for the table, preserving, and 

 other culinary purposes. 



The other sorts afford variety in the borders, 

 clumps, and other parts of pleasure-grounds, 

 among other hardy plants. 



RUDBECKIA, a genus containing plants of 

 the herbaceous biennial and perennial kinds. 



It belongs to the class and order Syn^neiia 

 Polygamia Fruslraiiea, and ranks in the natural 

 order of Compositce Oppositifiolus. 



The characters are : that the calyx is common 

 ■with a double row of scales : scales flat, widish, 

 curtailed, six in each row: the corolla compound 

 radiate: corollets hermaphrodite, numerous, in a 

 conical disk ; females about twelve, very long in 

 the ray : proper of the hermaphrodite, tubular- 

 funnel-form, with a five-toothed border: female 

 hgulate, lanceolate, with two or three teeth, flat, 

 pendulous: the stamina in the hermaphrodites: 

 filaments five, capillary, very short; anther cy- 

 lindrical, tubular : the pistillum in tin hcinia- 

 phrudites: germ four-cornered: style lihionn, 

 3 



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the length of the corollet : stigma two-parted, 

 revolute: in the females: germ very small: 

 Style none: stigma none: there is no pericar- 

 pium : calyx unchanged : the see. Is in the her- 

 maphrodites solitary, oblong, crowned with a 

 membranaceous four-toothed rim : in the fe- 

 males none : the receptacle chaffy, conical, 

 longer thin the common calyx:' chaffs the 

 length of the seeds, erect, chau'nclled-concave, 

 deciduous. 



The species cultivated are: I. R. laciniata, 

 Broad Jagged-leaved Kudbeckia; 2. R. digitata, 

 Narrow jagged -leaved Kudbeckia; 3. A'. Inrta, 

 Hairy Kudbeckia ; 4.R purpurea, Purple Kud- 

 beckia; 5. R. angustifolia, Narrow Simple- 

 leaved Rudbeckia;^0. R. triloba, Three-lobed 

 Rudbeckia. 



The lirst is by some divided into two species, 

 which are thus described : the root of the former 

 is perennial, but the stalk is annual : the lower 

 leaves are composed of five broad lobes, deeply 

 cut into acute points, and some of them ju^ed 

 almost to the midrib ; the outer lobe is frequently 

 cut into three deep segments : the stalks rise se- 

 ven or eight feet high, and divide at top into se- 

 veral branches; are smooth, green, and have 

 single, oval heart-shaped leaves, some indented 

 on their edges, others entire : the peduncles 

 naked, terminated by a single flower with yel- 

 low rays, like the sun-flower, but smaller: the 

 latter is also perennial, and has smooth green 

 stalks ; but they rise higher : the leaves ha\ e all 

 five lobes, which are much narrower, end with 

 sharper points, and are very acutely indented 

 on their sides : the flowers are smaller, and the 

 petals narrower. They are both natives of 

 North America, flowering here in July. 



The second species has a perennial' root like 

 the former : the leaves at bottom are com- 

 posed of seven or nine lobes, some entire, 

 others jagged to the midrib ; they are of a dark 

 greeu and smooth : the stalks rise six feet 

 high, and divide into many branches ; they are 

 of a purple or iron colour, and very smooth : 

 the stem-leaves towards the bottom are hand- 

 shaped, and composed of five lobes ; higher up 

 they have but three lobes, and at top the leaves 

 are single : the flowers are smaller than those of 

 the preceding, but of the same shape and colour. 

 It is a native of North America, flowering in 

 August and September. 



In the thud, the root continues four or five 

 years: the leaves are oblong, ovate, and hairy : 

 the stalks rise a foot and half high, and have one 

 or two leaves near the bottom : the peduncle is 

 naked near a foot in length, and is terminated 

 by one pretty large yellow flower, shaped like 

 the sun-flower : the florets of the ray are very 



