S A M 



SAM 



The annual sorts may be som n in spring in 

 the borders, in patches to remain. 



The roots in the perennial kinds niav be 

 parted in autumn, or early in the spring, and 

 planted out where they are to remain. 



Culture in the tender Shrubby Kinth. — These 

 are easily increased by cuttings of the young 

 shoots; they should be planted in pots in the 

 spring, and plunged in a hot-bed, where they 

 soon emit roots at bottom and shoots at top, 

 and should be gradually hardened to the full air: 

 but cuttings planted in summer will often strike 

 without the aid of a hot-bed when planted either 

 in pots or in a bed of natural earth, under 

 frames and lights, or covered close w ith hand- 

 glasses, and shaded from the mid-day sun, being 

 occasionally watered. 



The young plants should afterwards be potted 

 off separately, and managed as other shrubby 

 exotics of the green-house. 



The last sort requires a warm drv green-house 

 in winter, and to be very sparingly watered. See 

 Grbrn-house Plants. 



Some of the sorts are useful as culinary plants, 

 others for the purpose of ornament in the bor- 

 ders, &c. and the tender sorts in green- house 

 collections. 



SAMBAC. See Jasminum. 



SAMBUCUS, a genus containing hardy de- 

 ciduous trees, shrub and herbaceous peren- 

 nials. 



It belongs to the class and order Penlamhia 

 Trigytiia, and ranks in the natural order of 

 Dumosts, 



The characters are : that the calyx is a one- 

 leafed perianth, superior, five-parted, very small, 

 permanent: the corolla one-petalled, rotate- 

 concave, five-cleft, blunt : segments reflex : 

 the stamina have live awl-shaped lilaments, the 

 length of the corolla : anthers roundish : the 

 p.stillum is an inferior, ovate, blunt germ : style 

 none; but instead of it a ventrieose gland: stig- 

 11 s three, blunt: the periearpiutn is a roundish 

 one-celled berry: the seeds three, convex on 

 one side, angular on the other. 



The species cultivated are : 1. S. nigra, Com- 

 mon Elder ; 2. S. raa-mosu, Ked-bemed Elder ; 

 3. S. Liulus, Dwarf Elder j 4. S. Canadensis, 

 Canadian Elder. 



The first species grows to a bushy tree twelve 

 Gr sixteen feet in height, much branched, and 

 covered with a smooth gray bark when voung, 

 which becomes rough on the trunk and older 

 branches : the wood is hard, tough, yellow, 

 polishing almost as well as the box-tree ; the 

 younger branches containing a very large pro- 

 portion of medullary matter or pith: the leaves 

 opposite, unequally pinnate: leaflet: omuionly 



live, smooth, nearly equal at the base, with very 

 small or no stipules: the cymes terminating; 

 dividing into live principal branches, and many 

 small ones : the flowers cream-coloured, with a 



sweet hut faint smell, especially when dried. It 

 is a native ol I' tin and many other parts of 



Europe; a!- ti Africa, Japan, Sec, flowerieg 



in May and June. 



There are varieties with white or green berries, 

 with variegated leaves ; and the Parsley-leaved 



Elder, which has the leaflets narrower, and cflt 

 into several segments, whii h are again deeply 

 indented on their edges regularly, in form of 

 winged leaves : the stalks are much smaller, and 

 the shoots are short ; the leaves have not so 

 strong an odour, and the berries are a little 

 smalier. 



There are also the Guld-siriped-leavcd, the 

 Silver -striped -leaved, and the Silver-dusted 

 Elder. 



The second species sends up many shrubby 

 stalks from the root, rising ten or twelve feet 

 high, and dividing into many branches, which 

 are covered with a brown baik: the leaves are 

 opposite; the lower generally composed of two 

 pairs of leaflets, terminated by an odd one, 

 shorter and broader than those of the first, and 

 deeply serrate; the upper have frequently but 

 three leaflets ; they are of a pale green colour and 

 pretty smooth : the (lowers are of an herbaceous 

 white colour, appearing in April, and some- 

 times succeeded by berries, which are red when 

 ripe. It is a native of Germany, Switzerland, 

 Italy, &c. 



The third has a creeping root : the stems herba- 

 ceous, three feet high, upright, roundish, groov- 

 ed, leafy, somewhat enlarged at the joints, pur- 

 plish, branched above; the branches opposite 

 and upright: the leaves Opposite; unequally pin- 

 nate, dark green, smoothish : leaflets four to six 

 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, veined, acute, serrate, 

 unequal, and generally glandular at the base, 

 smooth above, downy with a slight roughness 

 underneath, and whiter; the lowermost often 

 lobed : the stipules large, leafy, serrate, some 

 times accompanying a pair of leaflets as well as 

 the whole leaf: the cyme terminating in three 

 principal branches, and those dividing into many 

 others, hairy and many-flowered: all the (lowers 

 pedicelled. It is a native of many parts of Eu- 

 rope. 



Ft was formerly called Wallwort or Wale- 

 wort, and Danewort, and differs Iron: the first 

 sort in being herbaceous, in basing a creeping 

 root, and narrower leaflets, more numerous, and 

 sometimes lobed. 



There is a variety with cut leaves in which the 

 roots do not creep so much, nor the ;iaiu r;se 

 3 C ■_• 



