XT L M 



ULM 



flowers arc on longer pe 'uncles, and spread out 

 loosely : the fruit is roundish : itie wood is U it 

 solid : the uunk Boon divide*) into long wide- 

 spreading winged branches ; and when at its lull 

 growth seldom rises to above one third of the 

 height of the lirst species : it flowers when even 

 under thirty feet high, whilst thai seldom Bow- 

 ers till it has gained a much greater age and 

 height : the branches are verv brittle : the 

 Bowers scentless, from six to fifteen in a corymb, 

 on Ions pedicels : it grows however to be a very 

 gnai tive, and also very high, especially in 

 woods among other tries: the hark on the 

 outside is hi ickcr than that of the lirst, and is 

 also very tough, so that when there is plenty of 

 sap, it will strip or peel from the wood of the 

 boughs from the one end to the other, a dozen 

 feet ic length or more without breaking: the 

 timber is in colour nearly like the lirst: it is 

 not so linn or strong for naves, but will more 

 easily cleave : the branches or young boughs are 

 grosser and bigger, and spread themselves 

 broader, and hang more downwards: the seed 

 i> somewhat bigger : the leaves are much broader 

 and longer than an\ of the kinds of £lm, usually 

 three or four inches broad, and five or six 

 iiK'l s long, also harsh on both sides, indented 

 about the edges, ncarlv resembling the leaves of 

 the Hasel : the one side of them is most com- 

 monK longer than the other. 



The variety termed the Smooth-leaved Elm 

 is in bigness and height like the lirst, but the 

 Doughs grow as those of the Wych Hasel do, 

 hanging more downwards than those of the 

 common Elm: the bark is blacker than that of 

 the lirst kind, but will also peel from the bounhs: 

 the tlowers and seeds are like those of the first : 

 the leaves also, in form, are like that, but 

 smooth in handling on both sides: the wood is 

 said to be more desired for naves of carts than 

 thai of the first. 



The fourth species has three varieties, accord- 

 ing to iheKew catalogue: the first is the Red 

 or Canada Elm, which grows in its native 

 country to a vast size: the leaves are ovate, 

 wrinkled and scabrous, broader than those of 

 our Dutch or Wych Elms, .smoother and of a 

 much more lively green : the branches are red, 

 whence it has the name of Red Elm. It grows 

 very fast in this climate. 



In the second variety, or the White Elm, which 

 is so named from the whiteness of the branches, 

 the leaves are scabrous, but oblong; and, ac- 

 cording to Gronovius, having narrower leaves 

 than the Red, and the trunk beset at intervals 

 with twigs closely clustered together below the 

 boughs. Boats are made from the bark of it. 



The third, or the Drooping or Weeping Elm, 



is distinguished hy its oblong smooihish leaves 

 and its pendent branches. 



Marly fi observes thai the American differs 

 from the European Elm in having the leaves 

 equally, or, as Gronovius expresses it, quite 

 simply or singly serrate. It is a native ot the 

 forests of \ irginia and other pans of North 

 America. 



The fifth species, or the Hornbeam-leaved 

 Elm, is also a nat.ve of North America. 



The sixth species his the branches more slen- 

 der than in the other species, divaricating, and 

 of a grayish ash-colour: the leaves alternate, 

 some simply, others unequally, others again 

 doubly serrate, smoother than in the iir-t, equal 

 or unequal at the base, less so, however, than in 

 the others, and the petioles a little longer: both 

 petioles an 1 l\\ igs are smooth : the Stipules rust- 

 coloured, nicmbranaceous-biistle-shapcd : the 

 seeds on short peduncles, collected into sessile 

 globular umbels; the surrounding membrane is 

 almost orbicular, cut but not acuminate, with 

 the teeth of the cut very shortly curved in ; it is 

 smooth, very tender, and finely veined, pale 

 gray: the seed itself is also gray, and ripens in 

 May, if not sooner : the wood is very hard and 

 tough, gray, remarkably waved with transverse 

 lines of a deeper colour, larger fibred, and w hen 

 exposed to the air becomes yellower than Oak, 

 and is preferable to it: the ashes exported from 

 Riga, under the name of Waiddsche, are made 

 entirely from the wood of this and other Elms, 

 burnt in brick furnaces; the root is beautifully 

 variegated and fit for the use of the turner, &c: 

 the bark does net readily peel off, and therefore 

 is not used for making ropes : it is said, in 

 Southern Russia, to often contend with the 

 Oak in stature. 



There is a variety with both young and old 

 branches winged and rendered irregular with 

 compressed fungous excrescences of ihe bark 

 variously interrupted ; and in mountain rocks 

 there is a variety which has shorter, thicker 

 branches, winged wiin fungous excresceu 

 the bark. 



Culture. — In these trees ii is effected in differ- 

 ent ways ; as by seed, suckers, layers, and 

 grafting. The seed, when perfectly rip-, tied, may 

 be collected and sown in the autumn or spring, 

 in four-feet-wide beds, half an inch deep; that 

 h is kept to the spring being preserved by 

 diymj'it well, out of tac mui, then pulling it up 

 close till towards autumn, when it should be 

 mixed with Baud, to preserve it more ell eiu ilv 

 through the winter ; when about the iniddit of 

 February it should be town M above. The 

 plant" should afterwards be carefully shaded, 

 watered, and kept clean from weeds. The plai.w 



