W A L 



W A L 



they are preferable to powdered coal or bricks, 

 as they bind very hard, and never stick to 

 the feet in frosty weather. And for wil- 

 derness walks they are before most other 

 substances. There are likewise walks some- 

 times Formed of turf, or what are called crass 

 walks. In forming the !ir>; sort of walks, when 

 they have been marked out, the earth should be- 

 taken away lo a certain depth, that the bottoms 

 maybe filled with lime rubbish, coarse gravel, 

 flnu-stones, or other rocky materials, to pre- 

 vent weeds from growing through the gravel, as 

 well as to keep away worm-casts. It should be 

 laid ten inches or a foot thick, over which the 

 coat of gravel should be six or eight inches, 

 which should be very 6ne, but nol 

 the large stones only being taken out. When 

 the gravel has been laid to this thickness, they 

 must be exactly levelled, and raked true from all 

 great drips, as well as little holes : by this means 

 most of the stones will be raked under thi 

 which may cither be evenly sprinkled back over 

 the last length that is raked, or buried in the 

 bottom. Walks are frequently laid too round, 

 so as scarcely to be walked upon with pleasure, 

 and so as to lessen the effect of their breadths. 

 The usual allowance for a gravel walk of five 

 feet breadth, is about an inch rise in the crou n : 

 consequently, if twenty feet wide, it will be tour 

 inches higher in the middle than on each side; 

 and for twenty-live feet, five inches, for thirty 

 feel, six inches, and so on in the same propor- 

 tion. When the walk has been carefully laid, 

 trodden down, and raked, either in lengths, or 

 the whole together, it sbould be rolled well, 

 both in length and cross-ways ; the person 

 who rolls wearing shoes with flat heels, that he 

 may not make holes ; as, when these are once 

 made in a new walk, they are not easy to roll 

 out again. In order to lay them firm, it will be 

 necessary to give them three or four rollings, 

 after good waterings or heavy rains, as this 

 will cause the gravel to bind, so that when they 

 become dry they will be as hard as terrace. Iron- 

 mould gravel is said to be best for binding, or 

 such as has a little binding loam amongst it ; 

 which latter, though it be apt to slick to the 

 heels of shoes in wet weather, nothing binds 

 better in dry w eather ; and when the gravel is 

 over-sandy or sharp, clay is frequently mixed 

 with it, which, when cast together in heaps 

 and well mixed, binds like a rock : loose gravel 

 b very uncomfortable and uneasy to walk on. 



Walks of this sort are not only necessary near 

 the bouse ; but one should always be carried 

 quite round the garden, a^ being soon dry after 

 rain, and proper for walking ou in ail seasons. 



bee Gardbi Plan. 



Those about the house should be large, and 

 laid out according to the nature and -. 

 the ground. 



The walks laid with sand or other materials, 

 in the other different parts of gardens or pi 

 grounds, should be formed in the Same manner, 

 having regard to the nature oi the Boil, so M In 

 render them as dry as possible at all seasons. 

 The breadth in these walks should be in some 

 measure according to the nature of the ground. 

 Where this is small, five or six reetmayne suf- 

 ficient ; but in large grounds much w i.ier, as tea 

 or twelve. In modern grounds of this 

 they are mostly laid out in winding serpentine 

 directions, according to the nature of the sites, 

 so as to have them concealed, and rend* i 

 private as possible, by the trees and plants ou 

 tiieir sides; the turns being contrived in as 

 and natural a way as can be effected. S • 

 G&Al 



\\ ALT., a sort offence erection in gard 

 built for the purpose of ripening all such fruits 

 as are too delicate to be perfected in this climate 

 without such assistance. Walls are buik with 

 different materials, as stone, brick, &c, ac- 

 cording as they can be best procured, and at 

 the cheapest rate. But for fruit-trees, brick is 

 the best, as being not only the handsome-;, 

 but the warmest and kindest for the ripening 

 of fruit, as well as affording the best conveni- 

 ence of nailing, for smaller nails will serve in 

 them than in stonewalls, where the joints are 

 larger; and brick walls, with copings of free- 

 stone, and stone pilasters or columns, at proper 

 distances, to separate the trees and break off the 

 force of the winds, make not only the most 

 beautifuJ but the most profitable walls that can 

 be erected. 



Sometimes walls are built of mixed materials, 

 as stones and bricks ; but in this way they should 

 be carefully built, or the brick front will sepa- 

 rate from the stone behind. 



Where walls arc built entirely of stone, there 

 should be trellises fixed up against them, tor 

 the more convenient fastening the branches of 

 the trees: the timbers of these espaliers need not 

 be more than an inch and a half thick, and 

 about two incites and a half broad : these should 

 be fixed across each other, at about four inches 

 distance ; for, if they are al a much greater di- 

 stance, it will be difficult to fasten the shoots of 

 the trees properly. As this trellis will be Lid 

 close to the wall, the branches of the trees will 

 lie about two inches from the wall, in which 

 position the fruit ripens belter than when it lies 

 quite close to the wall. 



Many improvements have been attempted in 

 building walls in different forms, as in aemicu> 



