GARDEN DESIGN 227 



sign in turn was really included in the profession 

 of arcliiteeture, and almost all the architects of the 

 time designed the setting as well as the building. 

 In these early gardens we find that garden and 

 house form one composition, and that the archi- 

 tectural features predominate in the garden 

 (Fig. 53). This is essentially the emphasis of 

 the formal element, and it is well illustrated in 

 the Italian gardens of the fifteenth and sixteenth 

 centuries. The villa was designed as the control- 

 ling feature of the grounds, massive and formal in 

 every line. The degree of elaboration depended 

 upon the t}^3e of architecture used, the size of the 

 space available, and the amount of money to be 

 spent (Fig. 55). The design in its larger aspects 

 was simple and direct, bringing the AT.lla into a 

 close relation with the gromids, and the grounds in 

 turn with some distant ^iew or special landscape 

 feature such as water, plant growth, or topogra- 

 phy. The planting was mainly evergreens (Figs. 

 54, 55) of large scale, using the decorative plants 

 as accent. The whole garden was designed for 

 use, and was considered really as an out-of-door 

 building, the outer wall as a framework, and the 

 interior hedge and plantations as di\i.sions or par- 

 titions. 



