CL A 



153 



C L I 



ing drain-like openings across the heap; 

 make one of these drain-like openings 

 from end to end in lengtli; these funnels 

 are to be built also with sods ; some dry 

 turf, such as is used for fuel, is to be 

 put into these funnels and over it, and 

 between the funnels well-dried sods or 

 any other combustible materials are to 

 be laid on to the depth of a couple of 

 feet over these sods, partially dried to 

 the level of the walls ; these materials 

 being set on tire, a powerful heat will 

 be produced, quite capable of burning 

 clay, without previously drying it. Care, 

 however, will be necessary to avoid 

 throwing it on in too great a quantity 

 at once, until the fire is well up, when 

 a large quantity may be thrown on. The 

 sod walls are to be raised as the heap 

 rises; and as soon as it is perceived by 

 the strength of the smoke and glow of 

 heat, that the mass is ignited in all its 

 parts, the apertures may be closed up, 

 and the heap left to become charred ; 

 should appearances indicate a likeli- 

 hood of the fire being smothered, it 

 will only become necessary to open one 

 or more of the funnels to secure its 

 acting. If the land on which the burned ! 

 or charred clay is to be applied be defi- 

 cient in calcareous matter, earth con- 

 taining it, if burncti, would improve it 

 much. If well done, there is no im- 1 

 provcnient so cheap, and at the same ' 

 time so valuable; if, on the other hand,j 

 the burning is hurried, or the fires neg- 

 lected, the consequence will be, either 

 the clay will be burned into lumps like 

 brick ends that will not fall to pieces 

 when e.xposed to the air, or the clay I 

 will not be charred or burned at all ; 

 therefore, the heat should always be 

 slow and steady, never, if possible, 

 burning the clay red, but black. This 

 is difficult to manage, depending.much 

 upon the wind, stopping up the aper- 

 ture upon the windward side, and open- 

 ing that on the other side. The whole 

 time the heaps are burning will take 

 from two to three months, the time de- 

 pending much on the weather ; from 

 sixty to one hundred yards may be 

 burned in a heap ; and if there be not 

 sufficient sod, coarse turf, bushes, &c., 

 on the spot to keep up a sufficient body 

 of fire at the commencement, wood of 

 any kind, or small coal, must be used." 

 — Gard. Chron. \ 



Clay soils are the worst that can be j 

 for gardens, for there is scarcely one of' 



the crops there cultivated that is not in- 

 jured by stagnant water, which can 

 scarcely be prevented in clay soils at 

 some seasons ; and in wet weather 

 clayey soils cannot be worked, whereas 

 the gardener must be inserting or at- 

 tending to his crops every day. 



CLAYTONIA. Fifteen species. Har- 

 dy annuals or tuberous-rooted peren- 

 nials. Seeds. Peat soil. 



CLEMATIS. Fifty species, and 

 many varieties, chiefly climbers. The 

 stove and green-house species grow 

 well in a light loam and peat soil, and 

 increase from cuttings. The hardy her- 

 baceous kinds, divisions. The hardy 

 deciduous, layers. Common soil. 



CLEOME. Twenty species. Stove 

 or hardy annuals, biennials, or ever- 

 green shrubs. Cuttings or seeds. Rich 

 light soil. 



CLEONIA lusitanica. Hardy annual. 

 Seeds. Common soil. 



CLERODENDRUM. Forty species. 

 Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. C. 

 volubile, a climber. Cuttings. A rich 

 soil of loam, rotten dung, and sandy 

 peat. 



CLETHRA. Nine species. Hardy 

 deciduous or stove green-house ever- 

 green shrubs. Cuttings. Peat earth, or 

 light sandy loam. The hardy kinds in- 

 crease also by layers. 



CLEYERA japonica. Green-house 

 evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

 peat. 



CLIANTHUS j)«nife«s. Half hardy 

 evergreen shruD. Cuttings. Loam, 

 peat, and sand. 



CLICK-BEETLE. See Wireworm. 



CLIDEMIA. Twelve species. Stove 

 evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and 

 loam. 



CLIFFORTIA. Sixteen species. 

 Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- 

 tings of the young wood. Peat and 

 loam. 



CLIMATE controls the growth of 

 plants most imperatively, and in the 

 cultivation of his fruits, flowers, and 

 culinary vegetables, it forms the first 

 object of the gardener's inquiry. He 

 must first know the climate in wliich 

 any givien plant is native ; and second- 

 ly, the soil which it affects, Ocfore he 

 can cultivate it successfully. How all- 

 influential is climate appears from the 

 fact, that different countries have often 

 a totally different Flora on soils similar 

 in constitution. Thus, as is observed 



