FOX 



234 



FRA 



cient weight and power to divide the 

 air, and so being dashed against it, will 

 fall down in vapour or mist. If too 

 large it will not rise at all. The length 

 of pipe between the reservoir and the 

 jet will also impede its rising in a slight 

 degree, by the friction of the water on 

 the pipe. This is estimated at one foot 

 for every hundred yards from the reser- 

 voir. The proportion which this author 

 gives to the ajutages, relatively to the 

 conducting-pipes, is one-fourth ; and 

 thus for a jet of four lines, a conduct- 

 ing-pipe of an inch and a half diameter ; 

 for a jet of six or seven lines, a con- 

 ducting-pipe of two inches, and so on. 

 From these data, the height of the foun- 

 tain and the diameter of the conducting- 

 pipe being given, the height to which a 

 jet can be forced can be estimated with 

 tolerable accuracy, and the contrary. 

 But where the pipes are already laid, 

 and the power of the head, owing to 

 intervening obstructions, is not very 

 accurately known, the method by trial 

 and correction by means of a leaden 

 nozzle, the orifice of which may be 

 readily increased or diminished, will 

 lead to the exact power under all the 

 circumstances. 



Ajutages. — " Some are contrived so 

 as to throw up the water in the form of 

 sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, 

 &c. Others to throw it out horizontally, 

 or in curved lines, according to the 

 taste of the designer; but the most 

 usual form is a simple opening to throw 

 the spout or jet upright. The grandest 

 jet of any is a perpendicular column is- 

 suing from a rocky base, on which the 

 water falling produces a double effect 

 both of sound and visual display. A 

 jet rising from a naked tube in the mid- 

 dle of a basin or canal, and the waters 

 falling on its smooth surface, is unna- 

 tural without being artificially grand." 

 — Gard. Enc. 



Drooping fountains, or such as bub- 

 bling from their source trickle over the 

 edge of rocks, shells, or vases, combin- 

 ing the cascade with the fountain, are 

 capable of much greater beauty. 



FOXGLOVE. Digitalis. 



FRACTURES. If an immaterial 

 branch is broken, it is best to remove 

 it entirely, but it sometimes happens 

 that a stem or branch which cannot be 

 replaced, is thus injured, in which case 



and the stem or branch but small, the 

 parts will again unite by being put back 

 into their natural position, and well 

 propped up. Especially the cure may 

 be expected not to succeed if the frac- 

 ture is accompanied with contusion, or 

 if the stem or branch is large. And 

 even where it succeeds, the woody 

 fibres do not contribute to the union; 

 but the granular and herbaceous sub- 

 stance only which exudes from be- 

 tween the wood and liber, insinuating 

 itself into all interstices, and finally 

 becoming indurated in the wood. — 

 Keith. 



Splints extending at least a foot above 

 and below the fracture, should be bound 

 very firmly all round, and a plaster of 

 grafting-clay to exclude wet be placed 

 over all ; and every precaution adopted 

 to prevent the surfaces of the wound 

 being moved by the force of the wind. 



FRAGARIA. Fourteen species. 

 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and runners. 

 Common soil. See Strawberry. 



FRAMES are structures employed 

 either in forcing, or in protecting plants, 

 and are of various sizes. 



According to the good practical rules 

 of Abercrombie : — " The one-light 

 frame maybe about four feet and a half 

 in width from back to front, and three 

 feet six inches the other way; fifteen 

 or eighteen inches high in the back, 

 and nine in front, with a glass sash or 

 light made to fit the top completely, to 

 slide up and down, and move away oc- 

 casionally. 



" The two-light frame may be seven 

 feet long, four and a half wide, and 

 fifteen or eighteen inches high in the 

 back, with bars reaching from it at top 

 to the front, serving both to strengthen 

 the frame and help to support the lights ; 

 the two lights to be each three feet six 

 inches wide, made to fit the top of the 

 frame exactly. 



" The three-light frames should be 

 ten feet six inches long, four and a half 

 wide, and from eighteen inches to two 

 feet high in the back, and from nine to 

 twelve or fifteen inches in front — ob- 

 serving that those designed principally 

 for the culture of melons, may be rather 

 deeper than for cucumbers, because 

 they generally require a greater depth 

 of mould or earth on the beds; though 

 frames, eighteen or twenty inches in 



it is advisable to attempt a reduction of the back, and from nine to twelve in 

 the fracture ; and if it be only partial, ' front, are often made to serve occasion- 



