TEN 



582 



TEN 



and one of a deeper tint down each 

 side. Having arrived at their full 

 growth, they spin a web either between 

 the contiguous leaves, or in a fold, by 

 drawing the sides of a leaf slightly to- 

 gether ; but sometimes it is attached to 

 the stem only at a fork of the branches. 

 In this web they form a yellowish-white 

 cocoon, somewhat oval. In these co- 

 coons the green larva? rest a short time, 

 losing, it is said, their fourteen false 

 legs, and eventually changing to a pupa. 

 The flies are hatched in twelve or thir- 

 teen days. The perfect insect is found 

 from the end of May to the middle of 

 August. 



" It would not, perhaps, be an easy 

 matter to get rid of these troublesome 

 caterpillars, except by hand-picking and 

 shaking the branches over a cloth ; lor, 

 as they keep on the under surface of 

 the leaves, no application except fumi- 

 ['ating with sulphur would fairly reach 

 them. It is possible that sprinkling 

 liellebore powder over the leaves would 

 annoy them.'" — Gard. Citron. 



T.populi, Peach, or Poplar Saw-fly, 

 also resembles the first-named, and M. 

 Kollar says that, — 



"As soon as the first leaves of the 

 stone-fruits are unfolded in spring, this 

 saw-fly visits them, and attacks the 

 peach, apricot, and plum trees. They 

 choose days that are particularly still 

 and warm, and lay their eggs on a leaf 

 in rows, one after another, from thirty 

 to forty in number, not all at once, but 

 often disburden themselves of their eggs 

 at different times. They are longish, 

 cylindrical, and of a light yellow color. 



" If the weather is favorable the eggs 

 are hatched in a few days, and a white- 

 greenish grub is produced from them. 

 They no sooner begin to move than 

 they surround themselves with a web; 

 thus surrounded they roam from one 

 leaf to another, from which they select 

 the best parts for their food ; therefore 

 a leaf is never found entirely con- 

 sumed. 



"As soon as they have attained their 

 full growth they retire into the ground, 

 form themselvesa chamber, make them- 

 selves a dark-brown roomy case, the 

 material for which they produce from 

 themselves, and remain in the earth till 

 spring, when they again appear as saw- 

 flies to propagate their species." — 

 Kollar. 



T. grossularia and T. ribesii are 



very destructive of gooseberries. Mr. 

 Curtis says that, — 



" The larvae, of which there are two 

 generations in the course of the year, 

 live in societies consisting of from 50 

 to nearly 1000. One family, so to 

 speak, frequently occupy one bush, 

 and destroy all the leaves, thus prevent- 

 ing the fruit from arriving at maturity. 



" The larvK are of a grayish colour, 

 covered with small black warts ar- 

 ranged in rows, and have twenty feet. 

 Their transformation also takes place 

 in society, one fi.\ing the end of its 

 cocoon to the end of the next, and so 

 on. Many remedies have been sug- 

 gested, but none have been attended 

 with perfect success. Perhaps the surest 

 way of all to diminish the numbers is 

 to hand-pick the larva?, and collect the 

 cocoons wherever they appear, and 

 destroy them, thus killing many hun- 

 dreds in embryo." — Gard. Chron. 



T. -pini, T. erythrocephala, and T. ru- 

 fus, infest the pine and fir species. 



T. cerasi produces a slimy catepillar, 

 commonly called a slug-worm, very in- 

 jurious to the leaf of the cherry, plum, 

 and pear. Mr. Curtis observes of 

 " these very singular and inactive cat- 

 erpillars," that they " are more like 

 little black slugs, or tadpoles, than the 

 larva? of a saw-fly, being entirely co- 

 vered with a slimy matter which gives 

 them a moist and shining appearance; 

 and when at rest, upon the foliage, 

 they might easily be mistaken for the 

 droppings of sparrows or swallows. 

 Upon closer examination they will be 

 found to exhibit the typical characters 

 of the family to which they belong, 

 having six pectoral and fourteen abdo- 

 minal feet, but no anal ones. They 

 are of a deep bottle-green color ; the 

 thorax is dilated, being very much 

 thicker than the rest of the body, and 

 concealing the head, or nearly so. 



" After four or five weeks, when 

 they have arrived at their full growth, 

 they cast off" their bottle-green jackets, 

 and then appear in a suit of buff, being 

 entirely changed in their appearance ; 

 they no longer shine, neither are they 

 smooth, but covered with small trans- 

 verse wrinkles ; and, a short time after, 

 they leave the leaves for the purpose 

 of entering the earth, where they spin 

 an oval brown cocoon composed of silk, 

 with grains of the soil adhering to the 

 outside. 



