T R A 



693 



T R A 



Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers. Peat 

 and sandv loam. 



TRAILERS. See Creepers. 



TRAIN OIL. See Animal ^fatters. 



TRAINING has for its object render- 



in general to be produced, beyond that 

 of causing; a slow circulation, and the 

 formation of flowers." — Theory nf Hort. 

 The reason of this appears in the fiict, 

 that a plant propels its sap with greatest 



ing plants more productive either of ' force perpendicularly, so much so that 

 flowers or of tVuit, bv rerrulatinnr the ' the sap rising in a vine branch growing 

 number and position of their branches. I in a right line from the root, with a force 

 If their number be too great, they over- ] capable of sustaining a column of mer- 

 shadow those below them, and "by ex- ] cury twenty-eight inches high, will, if 



the branch be bent down to a right 

 angle, support barely twenty-three 

 inches, and if bent a few degrees be- 

 low the horizontal, the column sustained 

 will not he more than twenty-one 

 inches. This is the reason why at such 

 angles gardeners find the trained 

 branches of their wall trees rendered 

 more productive of blossoms, and fur- 

 nished with a smaller surface of leaves. 



eluding the heat and light, prevent that 

 elaboration of the sap required for the 

 production of fructification. If they are I 

 too few, the sap is expended in the pro- - 

 duction of more, and in extending the 

 surface of the leaves required for the 

 digestion of the juices. I 



The position of the branches is im- ' 

 portant, because, if trained against a 

 wall, they obtain a higher temperature, 

 and protection from winds; and if 

 trained with their points below the 

 horizontal, the return of the 8ap is 

 checked. Shy-flowering shrubs, as Di- 

 placiis puniceiis, are made to blossom 

 abundantly, and freely-flowering shrubs, 

 as Cytisus hybridits, are made to blos- 

 som earlier, by having their branches 

 bent below the horizontal line. Dr. 

 Lindley, observing upon these facts, 

 proceeds to remark, that — "If a stem 

 is trained erect, it will be more vigorous 

 than if placed in any other position, and 

 its tendency to hear leaves rather than 

 flowers will be increased : in proportion 

 as it deviates from the perpendicular is 

 its vigour diminished. For instance, if 

 a stem is headed back, and onlv two 

 opposite buds arc allowed to grow, they 

 will continue to push eriually, so long 

 as their relation to the perpendicular is 

 the same ; but if one is bent towards a 

 horizontal direction, and the other al- 

 lowed to remain, the growth of the 



Fig. 167. 



A similar effect is produced by training 

 a branch in a waving form, for two- 

 former will be immediately checked ; if thirds of its length are placed horizon- 



the depression is increased, the weak 

 ness of the branch increases proportion 

 ally; and this may be carried on till the 

 branch perishes. In training, this fact 

 is of tho utmost value in enabling the 

 gardener to regulate the symmetry of a 

 tree. It, however, by no means follows, 

 that because out of two contiguous 

 branches, one growing erect, and the 



tallv, as in the accompanying outline. 

 — Princ. of Gardening. 



On the practical parts of training, 

 .\bercrombie has the following good 

 directions : — 



" When it is intended to raise trained 



fruit-trees for walls and espaliers, some 



I of the best young plants of the respect- 



ive sorts, both dwarf and half-standards 



other forced into a downward direction, of one year old, with the first shoots 



the latter may die, that all branches 

 trained downwards will die. On the 

 contrary, an inversion of their natural 

 position is of so little conseqiience to 

 their healthiness, that no ell'ect seems 

 38 



from the budding and grafting entire, 

 should be transplanted in autumn, at 

 eight or ton feet distance, against any 

 kind offence having a south aspect, in 

 a free situation, not less than four or 



