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torn, especially where a supply of more 

 wood is wanted, it may be retained, 

 and pinched or topped down to a few 

 eyes in May or June; it will send out 

 several laterals below, the same sea- 

 son; and instead of one rude luxuriant 

 shoot, there will be four or five of mo- 

 derate growth to fill the vacancy more 

 effectually, and that will much sooner 

 attain to iruitfulness." — Abercromhie. 



Besides the above usual modes of 

 trainin^T — for which see also IValls, 

 Espaliers, and Standards — there are 

 two other modes which deserve notice. 

 Quenouille Training " consists in 

 training one upright central shoot in 

 summer, and shortening it down to 

 fifteen inches at the winter pruning, in 

 order that it may, at that height, pro- 

 duce branches forming a tier, to be 

 trained, in the first instance, horizon- 

 tally. The shoot produced by the up 



the Gardener''s Magazine, viii. 680, by 

 means of which standard rose trees are 

 converted into masses of flowers. The 

 figure given in that work represents the 

 variety called the ' Bizarre de la Chine,' 

 which flowers most abundantly to the 

 ends of its branches, and was truly a 

 splendid object." 



TRANSPLANTING is most success- 

 fully performed, whenever the roots are 

 least required for supplying the leaves 

 with moisture. The reason is obvious, 

 because the roots are always in some 

 degree broken, and lessened in their 

 absorbing power, by the process of 

 removal. Now the leaves require least 

 moisture in the autumn and winter, 

 therefore, these are the seasons when 

 transplanting is effected with least in- 

 jury to a plant. That such is the ra- 

 tionale of seasonable transplanting is 

 proved by the fact that pots in plants, 



permost bud is, however, trained as : with reasonable care, may be trans- 



upright as possible during the summer, 

 and is cut back, so as to produce an- 

 other tier fifteen inches above the first, 

 and so on until the tree has reached the 



planted at any season. This rule, too, 

 is sanctioned both by theory and prac- 

 tice — transplant as early as possible 

 after the leaves cease to require a sup- 



desired height. In this climate, it is i ply of sap, the reason for which is, 

 necessary to train the shoot downwards, that the vital powers in the roots con- 

 which is easily done by tying those of tinue active long afterthey have become 

 the first tier to short stakes, those of torpid in the branches and fresh roots 



each successive tier being fastened to 

 the branches below them. When the 

 shoots are thus arched downwards at 

 full length, or nearly so, they soon 

 come into a bearing state ; but in this 



are formed during the autumn and 

 winter, to succeed those destroyed by 

 transplanting. 



" If the months of November and 

 December," says Dr. Lindley, " arc 



climate, if cut short, as the French do, ' the most favourable for transplanting 



they only send up a number of shoots 

 annually. The plan answers very well 

 where it can be at all times properly 

 attended to ; but if this cannot be 

 guaranteed, the ordinary form of dwarf 

 is preferable. Quenouilles require 

 more time to be devoted to them than 

 espaliers." — Gard. Citron. 



Balloon Training. — On this mode I 

 merely extract the following from Dr. 

 Lindley's Theory of Horticulture : — 



" What are called ballnon apples and 



deciduous trees, and March and .\pril 

 the worst, how much more important 

 must be those periods to evergreens. 

 An evergreen differs from a deciduous 

 plant in this material circumstance, that 

 it has no season of rest; its leaves re- 

 main alive and active during the winter, 

 and, consequently, it is in a state of 

 per[)etual growth. I do not mean that 

 it is always lengthening itself in the form 

 of new branches, for this happens peri- 

 odically only in evergreens, and is usu- 



pears,are formed by forcing downwards ' ally confined to the spring ; but that its 

 all the branches of standard trees till ' circulation, perspiration, assimilation, 

 the points touch the earth, and they ! and production of roots are incessant, 

 have the merit of producing large crops Such being the case, an evergreen, 

 of fruit in a very small compass; their ! when transplanted, is liable to the same 

 upper parts are, however, too much ' risks as deciduous plants in full leaf, 

 exposed to radiation at night, and the with one essential difference. The 

 crop from that part of the branches is leaves of evergreens are provided with 

 apt to be cut off. One of the prettiest I a thick hard epidermis, which is tender 

 applications of this principle is that of and readily permeable to aqueous ex- 

 Mr. Charles Lawrence, described in ' halations only when quite young and 



