TUL 



612 



TUR 



in their own drawers perfectly clean, 

 which is not easily done if they are 

 taken out to clean and returned to the 

 same place, because there will be grit 

 and mould not easily got rid of. Tulips 

 when put away, should have air, with- 

 out heat, or much frost; an outhouse of 

 any kind isbetterthan a dwelling-house. 

 There should be a vacancy between all 

 the drawers, and the case all round 

 should have wire panel sides, back and 

 front." — Gard. and Pract. Flor. 



TULIP TREE. Liriodendron. 



TUP A. Six species. Half-hardy 

 herbaceous perennials. Division and 

 seed. Light, rich, or peaty soil. 



TURF may be obtained either by 

 sowing grass seeds, or laying turf ob- 

 tained from a common or down ; and if 

 the latter mode can be adopted, it is 

 the best, as the turf is obtained at once, 

 and more regular than can be under the 

 best circumstances from seed. 



All the preparation of the soil re- 

 quired is to dig it level, a spade deep, 

 provided the subsoil is open, otherwise 

 to have a good drainage effected (see 

 Draining); to have all large stones re- 

 moved from the surface, and to have it 

 brought to a perfect level, by repeated 

 rollings, and filling up the hollows 

 when necessary, as indicated by the 

 level. The surface being then loosened 

 by raking, is ready for the seed or turf. 



By Seed. — " Never use that from a 

 haystack, for it will have mixed with it 

 the seeds of weeds ; but buy of respect- 

 able seedsmen, as much as you require. 

 For this purpose the best are Poa pra- 

 tensis, green or spear grass; Poa com- 

 pressor, blue grass; Anthoiayithum odo- 

 ratum, sweet scented vernal grass: — 

 either of the above, mixed with a small 

 proportion of white clover, will form a 

 permanent and pleasing sward. 



" Sow evenly, and rake well in, and 

 roll. When the grasses come up, the 

 ground should be carefully gone over, 

 and cleared of all weeds and spurious 

 grasses, as they appear. Strict atten- 

 tion to this will do much to ensure the 

 future excellence of the lawn. During 

 the first season after sowing, the grass 

 may be mown three or four times, but 

 not in hot dry weather; and afterwards, 

 the oftener it is rolled and mown the 

 better." — Gard. Chron. — Gard. and 

 Prac. Flor. 



By Turf. — The season for laying turf 

 is any time from September till April 



or May, though it will grow at almost 

 any time of the year, even if there is 

 occasion to lay it in summer, and dry 

 weather succeed : for although it will 

 open at the joints, and turn brown, as 

 if dead, yet, after the first rain it will 

 close again, and resume its verdure. 



The turf for this use is cut with an 

 iron instrument called a turfing iron, 

 observing to cut the pieces all an equal 

 width, length, and thickness — the pro- 

 per size is a foot wide, a yard long, and 

 about an inch thick ; they should be 

 first marked by line, the proper width, 

 length, and depth with a racer or miter. 

 Racing them first longwise a foot wide, 

 then across in yard lengths; then pro- 

 ceed to cut them up, having particular 

 regard to cut them level, and equal in 

 thickness, otherwise it will be impossi- 

 ble to lay them level. As you cut, a 

 man or boy should roll each turf up 

 close and tight, the grass side inwards, 

 and pile them up by tens, especially if 

 they are cut by the hundred. They are 

 to be laid regular, turf and turf, unroll- 

 ing them as you lay them, joining them 

 up quite close edge to edge, making 

 good all deficiency of broken parts as 

 you go on ; and as soon as laid, it should 

 be well beaten with broad heavy wood- 

 en beaters, being flat pieces of elm or 

 oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen or 

 eighteen inches long, and a iiiot broad, 

 having a long handle fixed slanting in 

 the middle of the upper side ; and with 

 these, beat the grass regularly all over, 

 and then roll it vvell with a heavy roller, 

 observing the beating and rolling should 

 be repeated in moist weather. 



"If very dry hot weather succeeds, 

 so as to occasion the turf to shrink and 

 open at the joints, a good watering will 

 be of much advantage." — Abercromhie. 



By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut 

 turves into pieces, about three inches 

 square, and plant these, green side uji, 

 pretty thickly over the space intended 

 for the lawn. Boat them down into the 

 soil, and water freely, roll frequently, 

 and water also in dry weather. The 

 turf will soon be as close, and the sward 

 as perfect, as if the ground had been 

 entirely turved. 



TURF ASHES. See Ashes. 



These, which are the basis of charred 

 turf, now becoming so usual a manure, 

 are, according to M. Sprengel, thus 

 constituted : — 



Silica 93.10 



