14 



more in six weeks than the entire previous record of marine 

 mammal detections. 



So it really is a phenomenal capability. It is not easy. You don't 

 just sit down and see the marine mammals. To get this to be useful 

 for a marine mammal capability is going to take some concentrated 

 effort because the Navy has spent most of the time, of course, get- 

 ting rid of those signals, and now we want to detect those signals. 

 So it is a different kind of approach to use for the problem. 



Another scientist at the press conference was Dr. Clyde Nishi- 

 mura, who is a NRL scientist. He was discussing detection of seis- 

 mic events like Dr. Baker was talking about. He noted, at that 

 press conference, which I personally found phenomenal, that they 

 detected hundreds of seismic events in a period of time with the 

 underwater sensors, where with the land-based sensors, in the 

 same period of time, they detected 10. 



If you are interested in the geophysical processes that lead to 

 seismic events and you are interested in the formation of the ocean 

 crust, that is the kind of measurements and data stream you need. 

 Statistically, with 10 events a month, you will be sampling a long 

 time. Statistically, hundreds of events a month really gives you an 

 advantage in terms of data that you can get. In addition, you can 

 actually locate where these seismic events occur. 



There are also untested potentials, as other members of the Com- 

 mittee have pointed out. They have not been demonstrated, unlike 

 in the marine mammals and the seismics efforts. 



One is an acoustic telemetry from underwater sensors. For exam- 

 ple, if you have a drifter that is floating through the ocean and it 

 sends out an acoustic signal which, if you could detect where it is 

 and when it is there, you could calculate its velocity and trajectory 

 in the ocean. This would be useful for a lot of physical oceano- 

 graphic studies tracking subsurface ocean currents. 



You can also use it potentially — and this is a potential — if you 

 had moored systems under the water, you could actually transmit 

 moored data acoustically to the lUSS array and pick that data up 

 and have it in the lab in real time. 



As Mr. Winokur was talking about in the acoustic thermometer 

 experiment that ARPA is sponsoring, it has potential there to be 

 used directly as a sensor. If you can extract the data correctly, you 

 can actually extract the temperature of the ocean over a long 

 range and actually detect global warming if you have it out there 

 long enough. 



I think another possibility is in the global ocean observing 

 system which is an international effort that the U.S. is involved in. 

 This technology has a potential to be used as a focal point — at least 

 in the areas where it is located, it is not everywhere — to be used as 

 a component of the Global Ocean Observing System. 



Let me quickly move to another technology. Let me pick up one 

 other example. There is a lot more in the written testimony I pro- 

 vided. 



Ocean and atmospheric modeling and simulation: This is an area 

 in which the Navy has an absolute requirement to be able to tell 

 its war fighting units what are the environmental conditions going 

 to be like so we can fight smarter and safer when you are there. 

 You have to be able to forecast the environment in front of you. 



