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expanding the boundaries of ocean science. In some cases, the 

 approach to using the data or capability is very clear (e.g., GPS 

 precision navigation data) . In other cases scientific use of 

 classified data seems at least plausible (e.g., the use of high- 

 resolution imagery to study convective chimneys - vertical 

 transport of seawater within kilometer-sized convective cells). In 

 still other cases, we can only speculate about the possibilities 

 without yet understanding what can really be done (e.g., the 

 quantitative estimation of marine mammal stocks using undersea 

 acoustic systems). 



Ocean research, in general, focuses on phenomena characterized 

 by a wide-variety of spatial scales ranging from small scale and 

 mesoscale, to basin and global scales. On the other hand, many 

 intelligence and defense sensor systems focus on processes 

 characterized by very small spatial scales. There are often 

 differences in temporal scale as well, with many classified assets 

 concerned with short term-changes. Oceanography, by contrast, has 

 interest in a broader range of time scales, involving processes 

 having time scales ranging to decades (e.g., global ocean warming). 



Ocean studies generally rely on lengthy time series of 

 observations to understand the effects of low-frequency variability 

 in the temporal domain. Undersea current meter records, for 

 example, are usually one year or longer in duration. In the 

 spatial domain, extensive observations from civilian satellites 

 provide the global and basic scale view. These measurements must 

 remain consistent and well-calibrated over a long time period and 

 across an extensive spatial domain. Thus, the scientific focus is 

 frequently on absolute calibrated, rather than relative, 

 measurements of ocean variables. Single images at very high 

 resolution can have great value for intelligence purposes, but this 

 value decreases rapidly with age. For ocean science, time series 

 of well-calibrated, consistent data are of tremendous value and are 

 in short supply, especially for time periods extending over many 

 years . 



There is also a focus on small-scale processes in ocean 

 science (e.g., beach erosion processes and census problems in 

 marine mammal populations). Small-scale processes were much more 

 consistent with the scales of interest in many intelligence 

 applications. Further, because of the resolution and data rate 

 demands of such systems it is unlikely that the scientific 

 community will be able to reproduce similar assets. It is in this 

 area of small-scale, real-time problems that the oceanographic 

 community can most benefit from access to high-resolution systems. 

 Some of these oceanographic problems occur in the deep ocean (e.g., 

 bottom water formation in chimneys) but most are associated with 

 coastal waters where the spatial scales of interest are inherently 

 smaller. Optimum uses of classified systems for small-scale 

 processes need to be more fully defined. 



DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS 



The Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance Systems 



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