Book I. 



LINN^AN HOilTUS BRITANNICUS. 



133 



2. Angiospermia. Reeds In a capsule, and generally very nume- 

 rous. The plants of this order have the greatest passible 

 affinity with some families in Pentandria Monogynia . Some 

 species even vary from one class to the other, as Bignonia 

 radicans, and Antirrhinum Linaria, in which the irregular 

 corolla becomes regular, and the four unequal stamens are 

 changed to five equal ones ; nor does this depend, as has been 

 asserted, on the action of any extraneous pollen upon the 

 stigmas of the parent plant, neither are the seeds always 

 abortive. No method of arrangement, natural or artificial, 

 could provide against such anomalies as these, and therefore 

 imperfections must be expected in every system. — Jt con- 

 tains of Verbenacea, Hebenstretia, Clerodendrum, Volka- 

 meria, Holmskioldia, Vitex, Cornutia, Hosta, Gmelina, 

 Petraa, Citharexylum, Duranta, Lantana, Spielmannia, 

 Zapania, Priva, Aloysia, *Verbena ; of M.yoporina-, Mvopo- 

 rum, Stenochilus, Bontia, Avicennia ; of Pedulinw, Peda- 

 lium ; of Bignoniacea; Bignonia, Sesamum, Tourrettia, Mar- 

 tinia ; of Gesnerea, Gloxinia, Gesneria ; of Orobanchea-, *La- 

 thra\a, *Orobanche ; of Acanihacea>, Acanthus, Thunbergia, 

 Barleria, Ruellia, Blechum, Aphelandra, Crossandra ; of 

 Scrophuhiriiuv, Limosella, Browallia, Stemodia, Mams, Lin- 

 dernia, Hcrpestis, Capraria, Teedia, Besleria, Trevirana, 

 Columnea, Russelia, Dodartia, Halleria, l\limulus, Horne- 

 mannia, *I)igitalis, *Scrophularia, Penstemon, Chelone, 

 Celsia, Alonsoa, Maurandia, Cymbaria, Nemesia, Anarrhi- 

 num, *Antirrhinum, * Linaria ; of Pediculareu-, *Gerardia, 

 *Pedicularis, Melampyrum, *Khinanthus, Bartsia, Cas- 

 tilleja, *Euphrasia, Buchnera, Manulea, Erinus, *Sibthorpi ; 

 of Solanea; ? Brunfelsia, Crescentia, Anthocercis ; of Capri- 

 frtite, *Lmnsea; of Rutacea, IMelianthus. 81 Gen. 346 Sp. 



Class XV. Tetradynamia. Stamens 4 long and 2 short. 

 Orders 2, perfectly natural. Flowers cruciform 



1. Siliculosa. Fruit a roundish pod, or pouch. In some 

 genera it is entire, as Drain ; in others notched, as Thlaspi, 



and Iberis It contains of Crucifcra;, *C'akile, *Crambe, 



*Myagrum, Euclidium, Rapistrum, Bunias, *Coronopus, 

 Biscutella, Peltaria, Clyneola, *Isatis, Succowia, Vella, 

 Anastatica, iEthioneraa,. *Thlaspi, *Hutchinsia, *Tees- 

 dalia, *lberis, *Lepidium,*Cochlearia, *Suhulana-, *I)raba, 

 Petrocallis, Camelina, *Alyssum, Farsetia, Vesicaria, Lu- 

 naria, Ricotia. 30 Gen. Vki Sp. 



2. Siliquosa. Fruit a very long pod. Some genera have a 

 calyx clausus, its leaves slightly cohering by their sides, as 

 Raphanus, and Cheiranthus. Others have a spreading or 

 gaping calyx, as Car'danrine, and Sisymbrium. 



Cleome is a very irregular genus, allied in habit, and even 

 in the number of stamens of several species, to the Polyan- 

 dria Monogynia. Its fruit, moreover, is a capsule of one 

 cell, not the real two-celled pod of this order. Most of its 

 species are foetid and very poisonous, whereas scarcely any 

 plants properly belonging to this class are remarkably noxious. 

 Sir J. E. Smith has great doubts concerning the disease 

 called Rapliania, attributed by Linnaeus to the seeds of Ra- 

 phanus Raphanislrum. 



The cruciform plants are vulgarly called antiscorbutic, and 

 supposed to be of an alkalescent nature. Their essential oil, 

 which is generally obtainable in very small quantities by dis- 

 tillation, smells like volatile alkali, and is of a very acrid 

 quality. Hence the foetid scent of water in which cabbages, 

 or other plants of this tribe, have been boiled. 



It contains of Crucife'rce, Heliophila, *Cardamine, *Ara- 

 bis, Macropodium, *Turritis, *Barbarea, f Nasturtium, 

 *Sisymbrium, *Erysimum, Notoceras, *Cheiranthus, *Ma- 

 thiol'a, Alalcomia, *Hesperis, Erucaria, *Brassica, *Sinapis, 

 *Raphanus, Chorispermum ; of Capparidece, Cleome. 20 Gen. 

 164 Sp. 



Class XVI. Monadelphia. Stamens united by their filaments 

 into one tube. Orders 8, distinguished by the number of 

 their stamens. 



1. Triamlria. This order contains the singular Cape plant 

 Aphyteia, consisting of a large flower and succulent fruit, 

 springing immediately from the root, without stem or leaves. 

 — It contains of Leguminoso?, Tamarindus ; of Irideo?, Pa- 

 tersonia, Ferraria, Tigridia, Galaxia. 5 Gen. 11 Sp. 



2. Pentandria. Containing of Tiliacea;, W'altheria, Her- 

 mannia ; of Malvacea, Melochia, Melhania, Ochroma ; of 

 Passifloreas, Passiflora ; of Geraniaceas, *Erodium. 7 Gen. 

 92 Sp. 



3. Beptandria. Contains of Gcraniacea, Pelargonium. 1 Gen. 

 175 Sp. 



4. Octanilria. Contains of Meliee, Aitonia. 1 Gen. 1 Sp. 



5. Decandria. Contains of Geraniacea, *Geranium ; ofLegumi- 

 nosie, Brownea. 2 Gen. 41 Sp. 



6. Dodecandria. Contains of Gcraniacae, Monsonia; of Malvaceae, 

 Hclicteres, Dumbeya, Pentapetes, Pterospermum. 5 Gen. 

 13 Sp. 



7. Polyandria, a very numerous and magnificent order, com- 

 prising, of Malvacew, Carolinea, Adansonia, Bombax, La- 

 gunea, Napa-a, Sida, Cristaria, Palavia, Malachra, ♦Al- 

 thaea, * Malva, * Lavatera, Ruizia, Malope, Kitaibelia, 

 Urena, Gossvpium, Hibiscus, Pavonia, Achania, Myrodia, 

 Gordonia ; of Tiliacea, Stuartia; of Aurantiw, Camellia; of 



Murtacete, Barringtonia, Gustavia; of Careya. 27 Gen. 



210 Sp. 



Class XVII. Diadclphia. Stamens united by their filaments 



into two parcels, both sometimes cohering at the base. 



Orders 1, distinguished by the number of their stamens. 



Flowers almost universally papilionaceous. 

 1. Pentandria. Containing of Scrophttlarina>, Monnieria; of 



Legaminoste, Petalostemum. 2 Gen. 5 Sp. 

 -J. Hexamlna. Containing of Papaveracae, Corydalis, Cysti- 



capnoS] *Fumaria. 3 Gen. 19 Sp. 



3. Odandria. Containing of Polygalca, *Polygala, Securideca. 

 2 Gen.2 9 Sp. 



4. Decamlria is by far the most numerous, as well as natural 

 order of this class, consequently the genera are difficult to 

 characterise. 



The genera are arranged in sections, variously charac- 

 terised. 



(a) Stamens all united, that is, all in one set ; as Spartium. 



(b) Stigma downy, without the character of the preceding 

 section ; as Pi-iiim. 



(<■) Legume imperfectly divided into two cells, always, as in ail 



the following, without the character of the preceding sec- 

 tions ; as Astragalus. 



{it) Legume rvtth scarcity more than oneseed ; as Psoralca. 



ic) Legume composed oj singlc-valved joints, which are rarely 

 solitary : as Hedysarum. 



{f) Legume of one cell, >■ itli scverul seals ; as Melilotus. 



Leguminous plants are rarely noxious to the larger tribes 

 of animals, though some species of Galega intoxicate fish. 

 The seeds of Cytisus Laburnum have of late been found 

 violently emetic, and those of Lathyrus sativus have been 

 supposed at Florence to soften the bones, and cause death ; 

 we know of no other similar instances in this class, which is 

 one of the most abundant in valuable esculent plants. The 

 negroes have a notion that the beautiful little scarlet and 

 black seeds of Abrus precatorius, so frequently used for neck- 

 laces, are extremely poisonous, insomuch that half of one is 

 sufficient to kill a man. This is totally incredible. Linnaeus 

 however asserts, Sir J. E. Smith thinks, rather too abso- 

 lutely, that " among all the leguminous or papilionaceous 

 tribe, there is no deleterious plant to be found." 



It contains of Legumimisa, Nissolia, Dalbergia, Pongamia, 

 Pterocarpus, Amerimnum, Dipterix, Abrus, Erythrina, 

 Butea, Piscidia,.Borbonia, *Spartium, *Genista, Lebeckia, 

 Rafnia, Aspalathus, Sarcophyllum, Stauracanthus, *Ulex, 

 Arnorpha, l'latylobium, Bossiaea, Scottia, Templetonia, 

 Goodia, Loddigesia, Wiborgia, Crotalaria, Hovea, *Ononis, 

 ♦Anthyllis, Arachis, Lupinus, Carpopogon, Phaseolus, Do- 

 lichos, Stizolobimn, Glycine, Apios, Kennedia, Cylista, Cli- 

 toria, Galactia, *Pisum, Ochrus, *C*robus, Lathyrus, *V'icia, 

 *Ervum, *Cicer, Liparia, Cytisus, Mullera, (ieoffroya, Ro- 

 binia, Colutea, Swainsona, Sutherlandia, Lessertia, Gly- 

 cyrrhiza, Sesbana, Coronilla, *Omithopus, *Hjj>pocrepis, 

 Scorpiurus, Smitliia, JEschynomene, Ilallia, Lespedeza, 

 *Hedysarum, Zornia, Flemingia, Indigofera, Tephrosia, 

 (Jalega, Phaca, Oxytropis, *Astragalus, Biserula, Dalea, 

 Psoralea, Melilotus, Lupinaster, *Trifolium, *Lotus, Do- 

 ryenium, Trigonella, *Medicago. 88 Gen. 800 Sp. 



Class XVIII. Polyadelphia. Stamens united by their fila- 

 ments into more than two parcels. Orders 3, distinguished 

 by the number or insertion of their stamens, which last 

 particular Linnaeus here overlooked. 



1. Decandria. Ten stamens. Contains of Malvacea?, the Theo- 

 broma, or Chocolate-nut-tree. 1 Gen. 2 Sp. 



2. Dodecandria. Stamens, or rather anthers, from twelve to 

 twenty, or twenty five, their filaments unconnected with the 



calyx It contains of Malvacca, Bubroma, Abroma. 2 Gen. 



3S'p. 



3. Icosandria. Stamens numerous, their filaments inserted 



(in several parcels) into the calyx It contains of Myrtacea-, 



Melaleuca, Tristania; Calothamnus, Beaufortia. 4 Gen. 

 32 Sp. 



4. Polyandria. Stamens very numerous, unconnected with the 

 calyx It contains of Ebenaceor, Hopea ; of Auranteoe, Ci- 

 trus ; of Gutlifenr, Xanthochymus ; of Hypericiiue, *Hy ■ 

 pericum, Ascyrum. 5 Gen. 0'5 Sp. 



Class XIX. Syngenesia. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers 

 compound. Orders 5. 

 This being truly a natural class, its orders are most of them 

 equally so, though some are liable to exceptions. 



1. Polygamic o?qualis. In this each floret, taken separately, is 

 perfect or united, being furnished with its own perfect stamens 

 and pistil, and capable of bringing its seed to maturity with- 

 out the assistance of any other floret. The order consists of 

 three sections. 



(a) Florets all ligulate, or strap shaped, called by Toumefort 

 semijlosculous. These flowers are generally yellow, sometimes 

 blue, very rarely reddish. They expand in a morning, and 

 close towards noon or in cloudy weather. Their herbage is 

 commonly milky and bitter; as in Leontodon, Tiragopogon, 

 Hieracium, and Cichorium. 



(b) Flowers globose, generally uniform and regular, their 

 florets all tubular, Jive-d: ft, and spreading; as Carduus. 



(c) Flowers discoid, their fiords all tubular, regular, crowded, 

 and parallel, forming a surface nearly Jlat, or cxadly conical. 

 Their color is most generally yellow, in some cases pink. 

 Santolina and Ridens are examples of this section. 



It contains of Ciihoracea', Geropogon, * Tragopogon, Troxi- 

 mon, Arnopogon, Scorzonera, Picridium, * Sonchus, * Lac- 

 tuca, Chondrilla, *Prenanthes, * Leontodon, *Apargia, 

 * Thrincia, * Picris, * Hieracium, *Crepis, * Helminthia, 

 Tolpis, Andryala, Rothia, Krigia, Hyoseris, Hedypnois, 

 Seriola, * Hipochaeris, * Lapsana, Zacintha, Rhagadiolus, 

 Catananche, * Cichorium, Scolymus; of Cynarocephaloe 

 ♦Arctium, *Serratula, *Carduus, *Cnicus, *Onopordum, 

 Berardia, Cynara, Carlina, Atractylis, Acarna, Stokesia 

 Stobaea, Carthamus, Stahelina, Pteronia ; of Corymbifcra: 

 Vernonia, Liatris, Mikania, *Eupatorium, Ageratum, Stevia, 

 Cephalophora, Hymenopappus, Melananthera, Marshallia, 

 Spilanthes, *Bidens, Lagasca, Lavenia, Cacalia, Kleinia, 

 Ethulia, Piqueria, *Chrysocoraa, Tarchonanthus, Calea, 

 lluinea, Bassinia, Caesulia, Ixodia, *Santolina, Anthanasia, 

 ll.ikamita, Pentzia. 74 Gen. 274 Sp. 



2. Polygarma tuperflua. Florets of the disk perfect or united ; 

 those of the margin furnished with pistils only ; but all pro- 

 ducing perfect seed. 



(a) Dtscoid, the florets of the margin being obsolete or in- 

 conspicuous, from the smallness or peculiar form of the 

 corolla; as Artemisia. 



(b) Ligulate, two-lipped, of which Perdicium, a rare exotic 

 genus, is the only instance. 



(c) Radiant, the marginal florets ligulate, forming spreading, 

 conspicuous rays ; as in Bcllis. This seems an approach of 

 the third section of the former order towards what is equi- 

 valent to becoming double in other tribes. Accordingly, 

 the Anthemi.i nobi/is, with Chrysanthemum, Leucanthemum, 

 and some others, occasionally have their whole disk changed 

 to ligulate florets, destitute of stamens, and consequently 

 abortive. Such are actually called double flowers in this 

 class, and very properly. Many exotic species so circum- 

 stanced are met with in gardens. A very few strange anoma- 

 lies occur in this section ; one, SigesbccJeia, having but three 

 stamens, instead of five, the otherwise universal number in 

 the class ; and Tustilage hyhrida, as well as Paradoxa of Ret- 



] zius, having distinct anthers. Nature therefore, even in this 

 . most natural class, is not quite without exceptions 

 K 3 



