Book II. USES OF SOIL TO VEGETABLES. 225 



1060. As examples of the absorbent powers of soils : 1000 parts of a celebrated soil from 

 Ormiston, in Earst Lothian, which contained more than half its weight of finely divided 

 matter, of which 1 1 parts were carbonate of lime, and 9 parts vegetable matter, when dried 

 at 212°, gained in an hour by exposure to air saturated with moisture, at a temperature 

 of 62°, 1 8 grains. 1000 parts of a very fertile soil from the banks of the river Parret, in 

 Somersetshire, under the same circumstances, gained 16 grains. 1000 parts of a soil 

 from Mersea, in Essex, gained 13 grains. 1000 grains of a fine sand,, from Essex, 

 gained 11 grains. 1000 of a coarse sand gained only 8 grains. 1000 of a soil of Bag- 

 shot heath gained only 3 grains. 



1061. The absorbent pouters of soils ought to vary with the climate in which they are si- 

 tuated. The absorption of moisture ought to be much greater in warm or dry countries, 

 than in cold and moist ones ; and the quantity of clay, or vegetable, or animal matter in 

 soils greater. Soils also on declivities ought to be more absorbent than in plains or in the 

 bottom of valleys. Their productiveness likewise is influenced by the nature of the sub- 

 soil, or the stratum on which they rest. When soils are immediately situated upon a bed 

 of rock or stone, they are much sooner rendered, dry by evaporation than where the sub-soil 

 is of clay or marl ; and a prime cause of the great fertility of the land in the moist climate 

 of Ireland, is the proximity of the rocky strata to the soil. A clayey sub-soil will some- 

 times be of material advantage to a sandy soil ; and in this case it will retain moisture in 

 such a manner as to be capable of supplying that lost by the earth above, in consequence 

 of evaporation or the consumption of it by plants. A sandy or gravelly sub-soil often 

 corrects the imperfections of too great a degree of absorbent power in the true soil. In 

 calcareous countries, where the surface is a species of marl, the soil is often found only 

 a few inches above the limestone ; and its fertility is not impaired by the proximity of the 

 rock ; though in a less absorbent soil, this situation would occasion barrenness ; and the 

 sandstone and limestone-hills in Derbyshire and North Wales, may be easily distinguished 

 at a distance, in summer, by the different tints of the vegetation. The grass on the 

 sandstone-hills usually appears brown and burnt up ; that on the limestone-hills flourish- 

 ing and green. 



1062. In a moist climate, where the quantity of rain that falls annually equals from 40 

 to 60 inches, as in Lancashire, Cornwall, and some parts of Ireland, a siliceous sandy soil 

 is much more productive than in dry districts ; and in such situations wheat and beans 

 will require a less coherent and absorbent soil than in drier situations ; and plants having 

 bulbous roots will flourish in a soil containing as much as 14 parts out of 15 of sand. 

 Even the exhausting powers of crops will be influenced by like circumstances. In cases 

 where plants cannot absorb sufficient moisture, they must take up more manure. And 

 in Ireland, Cornwall, and the western Highlands of Scotland, corn will exhaust less than 

 in dry inland situations. Oats, particularly in dry climates, are impoverishing in a much 

 higher degree than in moist ones. 



1063. Many soils are popularly distinguished as cold or hot ; and the distinction, though 

 at first view it may appear to be founded on prejudice, is really just. Some soils are 

 much more heated by the rays of the sun, all other circumstances being equal, than others ; 

 and soils brought to the same degree of heat, cool in different times, i. e. some cool much 

 faster than others. This property has been very little attended to in a philosophical point 

 of view; yet it is of the highest importance in culture. In general, soils that consist 

 principally of a stiff white clay are difficultly heated ; and being usually very moist, they 

 retain their heat only for a short time. Chalks are similar in one respect, that they are 

 difficultly heated ; but being drier they retain their heat longer, less being consumed in 

 causing the evaporation of their moisture. A black soil, containing much soft vegetable 

 matter, is most heated by the sun and air ; and the colored soils, and the soils containing 

 much carbonaceous matter, or ferruginous matter, exposed under equal circumstances to 

 sun, acquire a much higher temperature than pale-colored soils. 



1064. When soils are perfectly dry, those that most rcad'dy become heated by the solar rays, 

 likewise cool most rapidly ; but the darkest-colored dry soil, (that which contains abund- 

 ance of animal or vegetable matter ; substances which most facilitate the diminution of 

 temperature,) when heated to the same degree, provided it be within the common limits 

 of the effect of solar heat, will cool more slowly than a wet, pale soil, entirely composed of 

 earthy matter. Sir H. Davy " found that a rich black mould, which contained nearly 

 one fourth of vegetable matter, had its temperature increased in an hour from 65° to 88° 

 by exposure to sunshine ; whilst a chalk soil was heated only to 69° under the same cir- 

 cumstances. But the mould removed into the shade, where the temperature was 62°, 

 lost, in half an hour, 15° ; whereas the chalk, under the same circumstances, had lost onlv 

 4°. A brown fertile soil and a cold barren clay were each artificially heated to 88°, 

 having been previously dried ; they were then exposed in a temperature of 57° ; in half 

 an hour the dark soil was found to have lost 9° of heat ; the clay had lost only 6°. An 

 equal portion of the clay containing moisture, after being heated to 88°, was exposed in a 

 temperature of 55° ; in less than a quarter of an hour it was found to have gained the 



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