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Seal rookery - marine mammals are salmon 

 predators. (Corps of Engineers Photo) 



Early-era gillnetter on the Columbia River. 

 (NMFS Photo) 



PREDATION AND 

 COMPETITION 



Team recommendations for controlling predation and 

 competition problems include the following. The existing 

 squawfish control program should be revised to 

 progressively reduce predation on smolts. The National 

 Marine Fisheries Service should be in charge of the 

 squawfish control program and should develop more 

 effective methods for capturing squawfish. Sport harvest of 

 non-native species in waters where the listed species are 

 found should not be restricted by bag limit or size. Non- 

 native species should not be stocked in listed salmon habitat. 

 Hatchery steelhead releases should be managed to minimize 

 impacts on the listed chinook and sockeye. Hatchery trout 



should be stocked in streams with listed salmon only when it 

 can be demonstrated that they will not affect the listed 

 species' growth and survival. Impacts from bird and marine 

 mammal predation should be assessed, and control methods 

 should be designed. 



ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 

 FACTORS 



The Team is keenly aware of the public concern over the 

 potential costs of meeting delisting goals for Snake River 

 sockeye and chinook. However, the Endangered Species 

 Act is very specific in its direction for a recovery plan; 

 such a plan is to be based on scientific factors only. 



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