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the implementation of proposed recovery actions will be 

 addressed during the formal process the National Marine 

 Fisheries Service will follow when developing their 

 recovery plan for Snake River salmon. 



The Team recommends a wide range of measures that are 

 bound to affect many individuals and businesses in the 

 Pacific Northwest. The Team recognizes that the most 

 immediate social disruptions are likely to occur in the river 

 and troll fisheries and the communities that rely upon them. 

 If drawdown becomes a preferred option in the future, it too 

 will have substantial social impacts. Barge traffic would be 

 interrupted to varying degrees, depending on the length of 

 the drawdown-refill period. Shippers would have to 

 reorganize storage and shipping schedules, relocate 

 facilities, and, in some cases, shift to rail for all or part of 

 their transport requirements. Drawdown to riverbed might 

 spell the end of barge traffic on the Snake River and result 

 in serious dislocation and hardship in the Lewiston/ 

 Clarkston area. 



The impact on farming and related activities also depends on 

 the extent of drawdown. Spillway crest operations would 

 involve some change in marketing farm products, and would 

 require further investment in pumps. Neither would appear 

 to pose a threat to continued fanning in the present 

 locations. Full drawdown, however, might well impact 

 irrigated agriculture (and its dependent communities) 

 enough to cause real hardship and forced relocation. 



Some recreational faciUties and storage reservoirs located on 

 the Snake River will be ehminated or closed down for part 

 of the year under any level of drawdown. The social costs 

 would entail the loss of some preferred recreational 

 locations and the possibility of enforced closure of some 

 operations. 



Flow augmentation requirements will alter reservoir levels 

 enough to affect recreational and scenic values for visitors 

 and residents, with unpredictable timing. The situation at 

 Dworshak Reservoir could be particularly serious, since its 

 use as the primary source of water for flow augmentation 

 and temperature control would result in wider and more 

 frequent fluctuations of reservoir levels than in the past. 



Some of the habitat improvement and predator control 

 measures recommended by the Team could have social 

 impacts on user groups and residents. It may be necessary 

 to eliminate or reduce trout stocking in Stanley Basin lakes 

 where predation on sockeye (or competition for food or 

 space) is possible. Depending on the degree of restriction, 

 this could reduce the overall attraction of the area as a 

 recreational and tourism center, thereby creating adverse 

 effects for both visitors and residents. However, the impact 



on visitors would be minimized by the availability of good 

 trout fishing in numerous Stanley Basin lakes and streams 

 that are not pan of the salmon recovery actions. 



The proposed resuiction on further expansion of non- 

 indigenous fish (black bass, walleye) into waters where they 

 would compete with (or prey on) listed salmon stocks would 

 have both positive and negative effects. Fishermen targeting 

 the introduced fish would prefer to see their range extended, 

 while salmon fishermen would benefit by reducing these 

 fish populations in areas of conflict. It is also possible that 

 the recovery measures might require modification of 

 steelhead enhancement programs in some areas, another 

 decision that would pit user groups against one another. 



Though there has been much public comment about the 

 adverse effects of recommended grazing and water use 

 restrictions on Stanley Basin residents, the Team notes that 

 most of its recommendations amount to little more than 

 enforcement of existing laws and regulations. Incorporating 

 salmon recovery plans into the larger arena of sub-basin 

 planning would be useful. 



Many of the Team's recommendations regarding protection 

 of stream beds and riparian zones, avoidance of sensitive 

 areas by boaters and fishermen, etc., are already being 

 observed on a voluntary basis by river users in spawning 

 and rearing areas. 



Any increase in electricity rates has unpleasant 

 consequences for large numbers of householders and 

 businesses. The Team does not find, however, that major 

 losses of employment or inter-regional shifts in jobs or 

 industrial location are likely to result from increased 

 electricity rates due to any of its recommended actions. The 

 aluminum industry is perhaps the most sensitive to costs of 

 electric power, but the rate increases that may be required 

 for recovery (full drawdown excepted) are not the principal 

 causes of its economic troubles. World-wide production and 

 inventories are the primary causes of low aluminum prices. 



There are real social benefits to be found in assisting 

 management agencies to mount a vigorous and continuing 

 law enforcement effort that supports the recovery plan. All 

 anadromous and resident fish stocks would benefit, as would 

 the groups that utilize them. Better control of unlawful 

 activities benefits both the fish and the people of the region. 

 Tighter enforcement of regulations on water quahty, forestry 

 practices, and irrigation diversions (to mention only some of 

 the related watershed problems), would also be of wide 

 benefit to the public. 



Many of the impacts discussed above are negative in terms 

 of social well-being. But the long-term effect of bringing 



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