DAWN OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 25H 



he says he received " many hints from a gentleman of Paris and 

 Mr. Samuel Moreland . . , how the pollen powder (or male 

 dust) fertilizes the embryo seeds in the ovary." Probably the 

 "gentleman of Paris" was Sebastien Vaillant (1669-1722), who 

 wrote on the subject, and agreed with the theories first 

 propounded by Dr. Grew and Thomas Middleton, Ray, and 

 others, regarding the sexes of plants. Samuel Moreland 

 wrote a paper for the Royal Society in 1703 ; his theory 

 varying only slightly from the others, as to the process 

 by which the pollen reached the ovary. Scientists made 

 experiments on plants to prove their theories, and practical 

 gardeners were not slow in giving their help. The natural 

 result was that, before long, they succeeded in improving 

 and increasing the varieties of well-known species. Bradley 

 instances examples of cross fertilization, as shown by the 

 changes of colours in auriculas and tulips, and by a plant in 

 Fairchild's garden grown from carnation seed fertilized by 

 the pollen of the Sweet William. 



Fairchild's garden at Hoxton was the scene of many 

 experiments. Bradley frequently refers to him as one of 

 the most skilful gardeners of his acquaintance. Fairchild 

 was the author of The City Gardener. In this work he gives 

 a list of evergreens, trees and flowers " which will thrive 

 best in the London gardens," as " everything will not 

 prosper . . . because of the smoke of the sea-coal . . , 

 but," he continues, " I find that most persons whose business 

 requires them to be constantly in town, will have something 

 of a garden at any rate. One may guess the general love my 

 fellow citizens have of gardening, in furnishing their rooms 

 and chambers with basons of flowers and Bough pots, rather 

 than not have something of a garden before them." In the 

 course of the work he mentions several trees which were 

 then (1722) to be seen flourishing in different parts of London ; 

 the ilex, Spanish broom, guelder rose, syringa and lilac in 

 Soho Square ; pears, in several " confined alleys " about Barbican, 

 Aldersgate, and Bishopsgate. A vine bearing good grapes in 

 Leicester fields ; figs in Roll's Garden in Chancery Lane, and 

 in Dr. Bennet's in Cripplegate ; lily of the valley in a close 



