ROADS AND PATHS 



27 



of an intelligent plan and estimate than ordinary country- 

 places of a number of acres. 



It is difficult to decide upon a standard of road grades 

 for ordinary places. So much depends on the kind of 

 vehicle for which the road is chiefly intended, on the 

 character of road covering used for the surface, and on 

 the condition in which the surface is maintained. The 

 grade should not be so great as to require the applica- 

 tion of the brakes to the wheels in descending, or to pre- 



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OPEN CARRIAGE TURN FOR SMALL PLACE 



vent an ordinary vehicle from carrying a load of passen- 

 gers with horses ascending the hill at a trot. Generally 

 speaking, the grade should be somewhat less than the 

 angle of repose, or that angle upon which the vehicle in 

 a state of rest would not be set in motion by its own 

 weight, but would, on slight motion being imparted to it, 

 descend \\ith slow uniform velocity. 



In practice, the steepest grade that should be allowed 

 on macadamized or telford roads such as are gener- 



