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louger experience aud tradition. The scientific results achieved at CERX in the first 

 decade of research were of great importance, but some significant breakthroughs, 

 such as the discover)- of several neutrino-types and new kinds of so-called quark- 

 particles could have been made at CERN' but were made in the U.S. 



Although the CERN" facilities were primarily destined for member state scien- 

 tists, groups of scientists from other countries, in particular Americans, participated 

 by joining European teams or by performing their own experiments. This was an 

 established custom in High Energj- Laboratories. Many Europeans are working in 

 American labs. Perhaps CERX was a little more reluctant to accept outsiders than 

 the U.S. laboratories. 



Scientists from communist countries were not excluded. Indeed a group of 

 Polish scientists came to CERN in the sixties and made important discoveries in 

 the field of hypernuclei. A treaty with the Soviet Union was worked out in the late 

 sixties allowing access to the CERX facilities for Soviet scientists in exchange for 

 access for European researchers to the newly built SOGeV accelerator( 3 times more 

 than CERX and Brookhaven at that time). The collaboration with the Soviets was 

 not as profitable as we Loped but did yield some valuable results. 



The CERX council and leadership was aware of the fact that CERN cannot 

 survive in the long term with the two accelerators constructed in the fifties. It must 

 develop new facilities in order to stay at the forefront of research. Therefore, already 

 in the first five years of research, when I was Director-General, ideas for new in- 

 struments were discussed and developed. In 1965 we presented to the Council three 

 new steps: An improvement program for the existing accelerators, the construction 



