Today, for example, the United States is planning a tens of mil- 

 lion dollar project to exploit LEP, the electron collider that will be 

 finished at the end of the eighties at CERN; and, vice versa, Euro- 

 peans come with their instruments to Fermilab. That is three. 



The fourth step of international collaboration would be foreign 

 support for the construction of a new project, for example, the SSC. 

 It could be done by money, or perhaps more efficiently by deliver- 

 ing important parts of this, but the construction still on the nation- 

 al—or regional, in the case of Europe— administration. 



The fifth step, before I go into the detail, would be a truly inter- 

 national laboratory, a completely world international, not like 

 CERN, only Western Europe, but having, for example, the United 

 States and Western Europe and Japan and perhaps the Soviet 

 Union collaborate at a world accelerator. j mi. r- 



Now, let me go through these steps with a few words. The tirst, 

 the international conferences, is an old tradition. For 30 or 40 

 years we had yearly conferences either about the whole field or 

 about specialized parts, which are very open, and the Soviet Union 

 and other Communist countries participated, and there was never 

 any indication that they held back any kind of information. After 

 all, this is basic science. ... 



The second step, namely, the foreign people and groups joining 

 experiments in the host laboratory, is also an old tradition. Be- 

 tween Western Europe and the United States, right from the begin- 

 ning, we had Americans at CERN when I was director, who joined 

 experiments, and vice versa, and recently Japan has entered into 

 this exchange, also. . 



The third step, that foreign groups bring major instrumentation, 

 international exploitation of the machine, is more recent. But there 

 is more and more of it. As I said before, the United States now is, 

 for example, bringing very important instrumentation to CERN 

 and also to DESY a few years ago and, vice versa, the Western Eu- 

 ropeans, to Fermilab and to SLAC. Also, the Soviet Union is now 

 contributing major instrumentation to some experiments at CERN. 

 The fourth point, foreign support in the construction of new 

 projects, delivering important parts, is only in the very beginning 

 stage. For example, it seems that HERA— the proton-electron accel- 

 erator, about $400 million worth, roughly, which is now under con- 

 struction in Hamburg, Germany— there Germany is trying to get 

 the Italians, and the French, and Canadians interested in deliver- 

 ing parts. So that is beginning. 



The fifth step of a truly international laboratory is a very ques- 

 tionable affair, and I am not sure whether the time is right for it 

 because it is a very complicated administrative task to have this 

 worked out. We were interested in it for a long time. I was in com- 

 mittees, even chairman of committees, to promote this, but it was 

 never very successful. 



Let me now say a word about the influence of international co- 

 operation on the new projects. Now, there are actually two new 

 projects. There is the United States that wants to build the SSC. I 

 would say a community of physicists wants to build the SSC for sev- 

 eral billion dollars. , • u 



The motivations are clear. American high energy physics has not 

 had recently the updraft corresponding to the interest of the field. 



