As the chairman said, I was director-general of CERN in Geneva 

 from 1961 to 1965. I am a U.S. citizen. I would like to say a few 

 words about the development of CERN, since CERN is the first and 

 probably most successful international scientific laboratory. 



The idea of CERN actually was seeded by an American, Prof 

 I.I. Rabi, in 1950, but it was enthusiastically taken up by the Euro- 

 pean scientists, and in a very quick succession of events, in 1952 

 12 Western European countries signed a convention to build a small 

 accelerator and a big one. ,, , ,. , 



The big one was a 30-GeV accelerator. It was at that time, when it 

 was finished, the biggest in the world. However, the Brookhaven 

 Laboratory had a similar one which was finished about 1 year 

 later. This construction lasted until 1960, and in 1960, the research 

 started. That was the time when I became director-general. 



We had, of course, to face several problems. The Europeans had 

 no experience in big science, nothing like the Brookhaven Lab or 

 the war experience of the United States. There was a problem of 

 international collaboration, and our relation to the universities. 



The advantages we had at that time were an enormous enthusi- 

 asm in two directions: First, for the topic of going into the basic 

 structure of matter; and, second, the idea of having a European 

 laboratory. It was the United States of Europe in physics. Another 

 advantage was that there were excellent engineers available. 



Now, when research started, it was not only member state physi- 

 cists who worked there. We had important guest groups from the 

 United States, which was not a member; from Poland— indeed, 

 Poles made important discoveries at that time— and also, a little 

 later, from the Soviet Union. 



Right at the beginning, it was clear that a laboratory can only 

 live if it expands. That means that it plans for more machines than 

 those two. One of the most important decisions at that time was to 

 start— it was still the time I was there— the so-called ISR, Intersect- 

 ing Storage Rings, which is a proton-proton collider, which at that 

 time was a technical innovation. There was nothing like this even 

 in the United States. This is now the tool for every new plan in the 

 world of high energy physics. 



At the same time, also, it was planned to have a very big ma- 

 chine soon after, namely the so-called SPS. That is a machine of 

 400 GeV which is of the same kind as the one in Fermilab. Let me 

 say the storage rings, the collider, were finished in 1971, and the 

 SPS was finished in 1975. Then CERN was again a much larger 

 laboratory. . ,. . j 



Now, CERN had the difficulty of establishing a tradition, and 

 that took some years, some time. I would believe that now, after 

 20-odd years of CERN, CERN has acquired all the technical scien- 

 tific tradition to be one of the first laboratories in the world. 



Recently, they have used the SPS tunnel to do again a colliding 

 experiment, and that was again a first, namely proton against anti- 

 proton of very high energy, and that led to those famous discover- 

 ies of the quantum of the weak interaction of the radioactivity 

 force, which is one of the real great successes in high energy phys- 

 ics. 



The plan for the future, just to be very short, is to build a very 

 large 50- to 100-GeV electron-positron collider, again a collider 



