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QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD 

 Ms. Toye 



1. The Deep Sea Drilling Project started as a joint project carried out by 

 four U.S. oceanographic institutions. When did the project first have 

 foreign participation? Why was it felt necessary to formalize this 

 participation with the establishment of the International Phase of~ 

 Ocean Drilling (IPOPy ? 



Ocean Science is inherently international, and foreign scientists and 

 engineers participated in DSDP from the beginning. The original JOIDES 

 scientific panels included British and Mexican scientists and technical 

 specialists from British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell. The first 

 foreign scientist to sail on CHALLENGER was Professor Maria Bianca Cita 

 of the University of Milan, on Leg 2, October-November 1968. 



Pressure to formalize international participation came from both sides. 

 Foreign scientists wanted to be part of the mainstream of the program, 

 participating regularly by right , not as invited guests. On the U.S. 

 side, there was a need to broaden the financial support base for the 

 program and to augment U.S. scientific and technical personnel, (see 

 pp. 9 and 10 of original testimony). 



2. You note on page 3 of your testimony that "[t]he Ocean Margin Drilling 

 Program concept was deeply disturbing to the international community. 

 Given the previous successes of the international drilling program, why 

 did the U.S. decide to go it aloneV ~Was 1t because it was telt that 

 the international arrangements were too cumbersome? 



The U.S. "backed into" the decision to drop international participation.- 

 It was essentially a managerial and political choice never widely 

 supported by the U.S. scientific community. It was not a decision based 

 on a conscious evaluation of the scientific or administrative strengths 

 or weaknesses of IPOD/DSDP. 



The original concept of the OMDP called for both international and 

 industrial (petroleum industry) participation. These proved to be 

 mutually exclusive. Oil industry interest centered on the assessment 

 of exploitable resources in passive margin regions and on the develop- 

 ment of new analytical techniques for discovery and technologies for 

 extraction of relatively deep deposits. These proprietary interests 

 called for restrictions and preferences in the use of data which were 

 incompatible with an international program. Indeed, they also proved to 

 be incompatible with the basic research tradition of publication in open 

 literature, a problem which contributed to the eventual abandonment of 

 the program. 



