102 



We are also involved in about four dozen bilateral project agree- 

 ments which deal with specific topical areas such as, again in the 

 area of environment-related activities, programs in CO2 and cli- 

 mate research; in fusion, a Doublet-Ill project; and I can also give 

 examples of other areas. 



With my statement, I have appended a table that summarizes 

 these bilateral agreements by country and by topical area. 



The Department also participates in approximately 28 multilat- 

 eral research and development agreements, primarily under the 

 International Energy Agency based in Paris. We also have agree- 

 ments with the Nuclear Energy Agency based in Paris. Both of 

 these organizations are part of the Organization for Economic Co- 

 operation and Development, the OECD. 



With the growth in international cooperative activities and their 

 positive record of achievement within the Department of Energy, 

 at least in our perspective, the DOE R&D programs are presently 

 adjusting their plans to take advantage of increased opportunities 

 for mutually beneficial international joint activities. You have 

 heard a little of that this morning in conne'^^'on with Professor 

 Weisskopf s discussions. 



There are several reasons that are driving the Department and 

 the Government, as well as Western Europe and Japan, to closer 

 cooperation: 



First, the countries of Western Europe and Japan, like ourselves, 

 all face significant budget constraints. They all recognize that 

 energy security still remains a problem in the longer term, in spite 

 of what is happening in the energy markets today, and that ways 

 must be found by the scientific and technological communities to 

 further stretch the limited financial resources and apply them to 

 the most appropriate activities. First, then, is money. 



Second, progress in some areas of energy science demands large 

 facilities and program continuity. It is becoming increasingly diffi- 

 cult for any one country to build and operate major facilities 

 needed for progress, for example, in magnetic fusion or high energy 

 physics, nuclear physics, even in facilities related to the phenom- 

 ena of combustion, which is so basic in our energy field. 



By pooling resources and talent — and here let me emphasize 

 talent, because we don't have the world market cornered on scien- 

 tific talent — by pooling both financial resources and talent more ef- 

 fectively, we are in a better position to maintain scientific momen- 

 tum, both we and our friends. 



Third, the time is right now for closer working relationships with 

 other countries in the energy fields. Our economies have become 

 increasingly interconnected and interdependent over the past 10 to 

 15 years. The level of scientific and technical activities in Western 

 Europe and Japan has come closer to ours; in other words, there is 

 more opportunity for getting real quid pro quo. 



Program directions complement ours, and technological inter- 

 change has become commonplace and really, truly, much more mu- 

 tually beneficial. Also, international cooperation is considerably 

 easier to conduct these days because of rapid advances in telecom- 

 munications and satellite data links. 



An international political consensus seems to be emerging, sup- 

 porting greater international cooperation in energy science. The 



