143 



Office expenses of the Steering Committee that supervised 

 the IMS ran to about $40,000 for the entire ten year period 

 1969-1979. The total cost of IMS-related missions in the 26 

 participating countries is far more difficult to determine, but 

 most certainly was of the order of several hundred million 

 dollars. 



As the IMS ran through its paces, the United States and 

 European communities began to plan the International Solar Polar 

 Mission (ISPM) and the International Solar Terrestrial Physics 

 Program (ISTP). The ISPM was to involve two spacecraft, one 

 built by the European Space Agency, the other by the United 

 States. They were to be launched in trajectories that would 

 swing them around Jupiter in opposite senses and return them 

 over the two poles of the sun high above the ecliptic plane at 

 the same time. Planning proceeded smoothly to spacecraft 

 construction when the United States withdrew from completing its 

 spacecraft. Europe had already spent about 100 million dollars 

 and cries of anguish could be heard across the ocean. The 

 United States retained its launch commitment but our image as a 

 reliable space partner suffered great damage. 



After the shocking experience of the ISPM had calmed down, 

 the European, Japanese and Americans were able to tackle the 

 design of the ISTP program. The principal planned components of 

 the program include 3 NASA, one Japanese, 2 ESA and possibly 9 

 Soviet spacecraft. Plans for the NASAAESA and Japanese 



