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3. What attributes of (a) astronomy and (b) geophysics make 

 international cooperation easy to achieve? 



(a) -The world community of astronomers is comparatively 



small and scientific consensus is the norm rather than 



sharp controversy. 



- Exchanges of astronomers between observatories in 



different countries has been traditional. 



- Scientific publication in astronomy is fast, 



international symposia are frequent and the 

 International Astronomical Union is a very effective 

 forum for regular synthesis of progress in every aspect 

 of astronomy. 

 - Mission sharing in space projects at prorated costs has 

 been achieved since early in the space program. As 

 foreign countries have developed their space 

 capabilities, their relative financial contributions 

 have increased. Europe pays about 15 percent of the 

 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) cost. The costs of the 

 Infrared Astronomy Observatory (IRAS) were shared more 

 nearly equally between the 0. S. and the combination of 

 The Netherlands and Great Britain. Distributing costs 

 according to mission responsibilities which separate 

 out easily is achievable in space observatories — the 

 scientific focal plane instrument, the telescope 

 structure, power supplies, attitude controls, and data 

 retrieval, can each be assigned to an individual 

 partner . 



