162 



(b) - Much of geophysics is global in nature and requires 

 global international cooperation. Costs of deep sea 

 drilling activities have been shared by many nations. 

 Drilling on land is carried out in national programs, 

 but the results are exchanged to understand the earth's 

 crust as a whole. Seismic arrays are operated in 

 several countries and scientific data are shared. 

 Magnetic observatories have been undergoing 

 standardization in digital formats to make uniform 

 international data sets. Antarctic research is a joint 

 effort of 18 nations. The problems of ozone, green- 

 bouse gases and acid rain are global. 

 Past international programs in geophysics, beginning with 

 the International Geophysical Tear (IGY) , have been notably 

 successful, guided almost entirely by scientific requirements 

 with minimal political interference. Op a similar scale was the 

 Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) involving ships, 

 planes, satellites, balloons of many nations and the management 

 capabilities of the World Meterorological Organization (WMO) . 

 The above list can be made much longer, but the essential 

 point is that global science requires global cooperation. 

 4. What factors either facilitate or inhibit international 

 cooperation in (a) astronomy or (b) geophysics? 



- The basic research nature of most scientific effort in 

 astronomy and geophysics and the minimal influence of security 

 considerations facilitates cooperation. 



