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The U.S. Government obviously supports international coopera- 

 tion in science and technology through a number of different mech- 

 anisms and to serve a variety of national goals. As was mentioned 

 earlier, every agency is involved one way or another, and through 

 bilateral, multilateral, and private sectors. 



There is no precise measure of the funding dedicated to interna- 

 tional cooperation, whether for foreign aid or in any other activity, 

 but most of the relevant programs are at least mentioned in the 

 Title V report, which is submitted annually or biannually. I find 

 that not an overly impressive document, notwithstanding its bulk, 

 because the list of activities appears substantial only when one 

 recollects that this represents the international dimension of a Fed- 

 eral R&D budget of over $50 billion, and then it seems to me very 

 minor indeed, to which most of those who have been engaged in 

 attempting to promote international cooperation in science and 

 technology from inside the Government can quickly attest. 



In the abstract, one would assume that the shared interests in 

 R&D progress among friendly and even not so friendly countries, 

 the global nature of many problems, the wide diffusion of techno- 

 logical competence, the importance of building science and technol- 

 ogy in developing countries, the budgetary pressures that all are 

 experiencing, let alone the political interests that can be served, 

 would all lead to substantial pressure for increased cooperation. 



In practice, of course, other pressures conspire to keep the 

 number and scale of Government-supported international programs 

 a quite minor proportion of the total R&D support. 



But it was not always so. Even though international cooperation 

 has always been a relatively minor part of the overall budget, I 

 think the present situation is in fact much poorer relatively than it 

 was in earlier years. 



Absolute resources going for international cooperation in science 

 and technology may be larger today compared to immediate post- 

 war years, but relative to total research and development budgets, 

 they are a very much smaller portion, and certainly the atmos- 

 phere in which cooperation must be developed and funded is less 

 supportive, notwithstanding the discussion at recent Summit meet- 

 ings about international cooperation. 



Among the several reasons, I believe, for the relative lack of sup- 

 port for international cooperation is one family of reasons that has 

 received relatively little attention or analysis. That is the organiza- 

 tion of the U.S. Government for policymaking and funding of inter- 

 national cooperation in science and technology. 



In fact, the particular structure of the U.S. Government and the 

 Government's budgetary process have a great deal to do with the 

 difficulty of expanding such programs, even under supportive ad- 

 ministrations, and much to do with the ease of cutting them back 

 in antagonistic or disinterested administrations. 



Astonishing as it may be, the U.S. Government has no clear gov- 

 ernmental instrument for international cooperation, and most 

 ajgencies are restricted to using appropriated funds only for "domes- 

 tic" R&D objectives. Individual departments and agencies must 

 carry out their own programs of cooperation as part of regular 

 budgets, with little or no recognition of the problems and disincen- 

 tives to cooperation thus created. It is obviously variable from 



