, ■ ' I 410 



, '' ' 

 ' .' 9 



- the larger number of physical, biological, and social scientists 

 with advanced laboratory and methodological training in the pool of 

 ^Ifrican scholars, who were focused more on liberal arts, history, 

 languages, and the descriptive sciences in the 1950s and 1960s. 



- the potential incentive of hard-currency funding for research to 



\ 

 encourage African scientists to remain in Africa instead of evac- 

 uating their departments and institutes where progress so far has 

 been nearly impossible due to the lack of resources. 



- the realization by African governments that there must be a 

 marshalling of the nation's scarce S&T human and material resources 

 from the diverse sources of the universities, research institutes, 

 ministries, private companies, and foreign donors to focus on 

 targeted research and applications to problems which promise 

 concrete gains. 



- the greater experience of African institutions of higher education 

 and research in targeting resources and operating with fewer 

 resources, as well as their greater appreciation of scarce foreign 

 currency grants for research projects - both resulting in much 

 greater efficiency in utilizing research awards. 



- the existence in some institutions and nations of a critical mass of 

 science facilities and personnel to make research possible with a 

 small amount of funding for training, retraining, small research 

 grants, etc. 



- the legacy of the economic crises of the 1970s augmented by the 

 regional droughts and, in some nations, institutional collapse or 

 political upheaval which have focused the attention of many 

 administrators and planners on the key points of intervention in 

 tackling basic issues of human need and productivity. 



