421 



20 

 a. Avarda to Cooperating Scientists and Institutions - These 

 awards will be targeted for African scholars and S&T administrators or 

 decision-makers who can make best use of important US and other S&T 

 conferences, seminars, research technique demonstrations, equipment 

 expositions, and particular liaisons with American scholars. Some 

 awards may be made for particular long-term linkages and exchanges 

 between individual scholars, their departments and institutes, or even 

 of entire S&T faculties, when such long-term collaboration promises an 

 increase in the capacity of African institutions. Funds in this 

 category could be spent for travel, per diem expenses, residence, book 

 and equipment allowances, and associated fees to facilitate scholars 

 from two or more institutions meeting and cooperating with each other 

 on S&T for development projects. Such exchange grants already exist 

 for the arts and letters, library, education, and social science 

 fields through the University Linkage Program of the US Information 

 Agency (USIA). According to the USIA the sciences are generally 

 excluded from their funding because "USAID is responsible for the 

 medical, agricultural, and scientific exchanges," even though USAID 

 has no such programs at this time. Such linkages also can promote a) 

 longer-term staff development cooperation with the African institu- 

 tions, b) the donation of books and journals, and c) the informal 

 provision of support for the needs of African scholars and institu- 

 tions by US scholars and institutes, thereby maximizing private sector 

 contributions from the USA. 



Professional Associations in the USA and Africa - Especial 

 attention will be given to the linkage of American disciplinary and 

 professional associations with their African counterparts in order to 



