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PRIOR AND CURRENT COOPERATION 



An open and informal exchange of scientific information through 

 publications, meetings, and laboratory visits has existed among the 

 United States, Western Europe, Japan, and the USSR since 1958, when 

 the subject of magnetic fusion was declassified. The U.S. exchange 

 with Western Europe has been the most extensive, probably because of 

 cultural and political similarities. 



A formal bilateral agreement with Japan has covered many 

 cooperative activities over the past few years. For example, Japan is 

 contributing approximately $70 million over a five-year period to 

 upgrade the Doublet III tokamak experiment and about $2 million per 

 year to the operation of the Rotating Target Neutron Source II in the 

 United States, as well as sending experimental teams to work on those 

 facilities. In addition, there has been extensive exchange of 

 personnel on other projects and on joint planning activities. 



There exist formal multilateral agreements among the United States, 

 Japan, and the EC for several cooperative activities under the aegis 

 of the International Energy Agency (lEA) . 



The United States, Japan, the EC, and USSR, under the International 

 Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , are cooperating in the International 

 Tokamak Reactor (commonly known by its acronym INTOR) Workshop on 

 conceptual design of a possible next-step tokamak experiment. 



The United States and USSR have exchanged personnel and visiting 

 delegations of scientists under formal agreements dating from the 1973 

 Nixon-Brezhnev accord. 



Previous cooperative undertakings in fusion have been substantial 

 and generally successful. The participants generally believe that 

 they benefited from the cooperation. The technical and program 

 leaders in the U.S., EC, Japanese, and USSR fusion programs have come 

 to know and respect each other through many years of open professional 

 and social contact. This rapport provides an unusual and unique basis 

 to build upon in negotiating and carrying out cooperative activities. 



This background is important enough to the issue that it should be 

 expressed as a conclusion: 



o Past cooperation provides a sound basis for future efforts . 



TECHNICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASED COOPERATION 



As the major fusion programs progress toward larger experiments and 

 expanded technology development, there will be opportunities for 

 increased benefit through enhanced international cooperation. In the 

 following discussion, the term "cooperation" is used as a general one, 

 in the sense of acting with others for mutual benefit on either a 

 small or a large scale. The term "collaboration" is used more 



