605 



examples of international cooperation in fusion as well as other 

 technologies quite unrelated to fusion. Individuals with experience 

 in the later stages of commercial development of technologies, such as 

 jet engines, computers, and semiconductors, gave us the benefit of 

 their experience. We also obtained the viewpoints of individuals from 

 electric utilities as ultimate users of fusion technology and from the 

 financial community as a source of investment in commercial fusion. 

 Finally, we sought the ideas of those experienced in diplomacy and 

 international law, such as negotiators of che Treaty of the Peaceful 

 Uses of Outer Space and the Law of the Sea. 



Of course, it was essential to make first hand contact with 

 scientists and policy level officials in Japan and in countries of the 

 EC. Accordingly, committee members traveled to Japan and to Western 

 Europe to address many of the subjects covered in the domestic 

 workshops, although necessarily in less depth. The travelers 

 attempted to discover compatibility of the various national goals, or 

 the lack thereof. Foreign officials were asked about the intended 

 development of the role of their domestic industry; and their 

 attitudes were sought on cooperation with the United States, which in 

 the last analysis, may determine the response to any U.S. 

 initiatives. 



These meetings also inquired into the technical needs and 

 opportunities for cooperation at several levels of effort: modest 

 scientific exchange, organized cooperative planning and study, plasma 

 physics experimentation, large technology test facilities, and major 

 experimental fusion facilities. 



The discussions also covered the types of agreements, 

 organizations, and management arrangements that might be adapted to 

 implement cooperative efforts. On the trips, the group examined the 

 characteristics of successful efforts at cooperation, such as the 

 Doublet III experiment, jointly funded by Japan and the United States; 

 the Rotating Target Neutron Source II experiment, similarily 

 conducted; the studies on the German TEXTOR tokamak of impurity 

 control and physics of the plasma edge, under the auspices of the 

 International Energy Agency; and the Joint European Torus, an example 

 of successful resolution of divergent national and cultural 

 interests. The group heard also about other projects such as the 

 Large Coil Test Facility, which has been troubled by scheduling 

 delays, and the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test Facility, for which 

 the United States has not yet been able to conclude an agreement on 

 joint participation. 



Organization of the Report 



In the remainder of the report. Chapter ^ deals with the incentives 

 and constraints that constitute the policies governing international 

 cooperation and from which will flow the criteria for judging 

 international cooperative initiatives. Chapter 3 discusses the 

 technical needs and opportunities from which the substance of 

 cooperation may be drawn. Chapter 4 examines factors affecting 

 agreement on and implementation of cooperation. Finally, Chapter 5 

 contains our conclusions and our recommendations for the near future 

 together with the rationale supporting them. Several appendixes, 

 providing more detail on topics discussed in the main body of the 

 report, are included. 



