609 



22 



magnetic fusion program as a successful example of its political goals 

 for European cooperation in large-scale research and development. 

 Other political objectives may arise that can be served by 

 international cooperation in magnetic fusion and will thus provide 

 incentives. 



Broadening Constituencies 



International cooperation can improve public, political, and electric 

 utility confidence in and acceptance of fusion as an eventual power 

 source. Stability of the fusion programs of the participants is 

 another benefit. Indeed, cooperation will demonstrate a wide 

 agreement among different peoples and different points of national 

 view that practical fusion power sources can be developed and that — on 

 cost, resource, and environmental grounds — fusion power may be at 

 least as acceptable as other alternatives if not superior. 

 Cooperation will also create a sense that not to go forward with 

 fusion is to be left at a disadvantage in the future. 



The Member States of the EC, together with three other nations, 

 namely, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain, have long since recognized the 

 weight of the incentives over the constraints for international 

 cooperation in fusion. These nations have formed a comprehensive and 

 sound research and development program that has produced the leading 

 tokamak. Joint European Torus (JET), as well as early planning efforts 

 for a subsequent large machine. Further levels of international 

 cooperation, between the United States, the EC, and Japan can and may 

 respond to the same incentives, although with different arrangements 

 to deal with the differing constraints and limitations. 



Constraints 



Just as there are incentives that are widely accepted in the fusion 

 community, so there are some constraints and disincentives under 

 existing policies that are also recognized at a general level. Like 

 the incentives, the general constraints tend to weaken in the face of 

 detailed consideration and negotiation on specific cooperative 

 enterprises. So, in the regime of details and specific projects, just 

 as the incentives appear less clear and forceful, so the constraints 

 become less important as particular ways of dealing with each one are 

 sought and developed. 



Maintaining National Program Strength 



There is reluctance for national programs to give up any significant 

 part, scientific or technological, of what is seen as the main line of 

 advance toward an eventual fusion power plant. This reluctance is, in 



